Phytochemical Screening and Antidiabetic Efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca Seed Extract and Their Silver Nanoparticles on Muscle and Pancreatic Cell Lines

Abstract

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, a member of the Zygophyllaceae family, is commonly known as the desert date. This tree is famous for yielding edible fruits and is esteemed for its nutritional richness and diverse health advantages. The primary aim of this research was to assess the potential antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects of seed extracts from B. aegyptiaca and its AgNPs for the first time on C2C12 and MIN6 cells, focusing on glucose uptake and insulin secretion, respectively. Additionally, the seed extracts underwent column chromatography through different solvent systems, resulting in the isolation of five distinct fractions with a mixture of methanol and water as an eluting solvent in different ratios. Comprehensive characterization of the aqueous seed extract was carried out using GC-MS and UPLC-MS. The study determined that the aqueous seed extract exhibited no toxicity at any tested concentration (6.25–100 μg/mL) on both cell types. The calculated IC50 values were 206.00 and 140.44 μg/mL for C2C12 and MIN6 cells, respectively, for seeds of AgNPs. Additionally, the aqueous seed extract and their AgNPs significantly increased glucose uptake by 150.45% and 156.00% of the control in C2C12 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Insulin secretion was also notably enhanced by 3.47- and 3.92-fold of the control after administering seed extracts and AgNPs, respectively, at 100 μg/mL. GC-MS and UPLC-MS analyses identified various compounds across different categories. Notably, the F2 fraction (methanol and water in ratio of 80:20 as eluting solvent) exhibited the highest glucose uptake activity (156.81% of control), while the F3 fraction (methanol and water in ratio of 70:30 as eluting solvent) fraction demonstrated the highest insulin secretion activity (3.70 folds of the control) among all fractions at 100 μg/mL. GC-MS analysis was employed to characterize both fractions, aiming to identify the compounds contributing to their antidiabetic potential. The study’s findings concluded that both seed extracts and their AgNPs possess significant antidiabetic properties, with elevated activity observed in the case of AgNPs in both assays. Various compounds, including diosgenin, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid esters were detected in the seed extracts, known for their reported antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects.