Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation Methods,identification and Therapeutic Uses: A Review

Abstract

Phytoconstituents refers to the compounds which are chemical in nature that eventuate in plants. These compounds are non-nutrient compounds which are bioactive and helps in preserving the plants from various kinds of infections or other kinds of pathogens or microorganisms whereas some are creditworthy for the organoleptic characteristics. These compounds are synthesized within the plants from end to end of primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Various active components are discovered and are included in various categories. These active components include alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, phenolics, saponins and tannins etc.. Extraction of these compounds can be done by various methods. For the purpose of extraction that is to extract active components from the plants, high accuracy is needed along with different types of solvents with differing polarities. Various studies done on these experiments tells us that high polarity solvents have high effects. Various extraction techniques are maceration, infusion, decoction, percolation, digestion, soxhlet extraction, aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.. These types of techniques are very useful in extraction process. The active components are isolated and purified for requirements. These are done by various chromatographic techniques such as Thin layer chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, etc.. The diverse form of processes for the active components are reviewed in this paper.

Physicochemical evaluation of Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) and its utilization as a base in pharmaceutical soap formulation

“…Then, the pycnometer was filled with samples until it was overflowed, closed with a stopper, and weighed again Physicochemical evaluation of Prinsepia utilis seed oil content was then heated for 2 h at a temperature of 101 o C. After that, the crucible was kept inside a desicator and cooled. Finally, the weight of crucible containing sample was noted, which is "c. " The moisture content was calculated by using Equation 8 (Sindhu et al, 2019):…”

“…A cake was formed (Figure 2C) on cooling, which was removed and weighed (A). Finally, TFM was calculated by using Equation 9 (Sindhu et al, 2019):…”

“…Thus, use of soaps is an easy and effective way to remove all harmful foreign particles. Appropriate use of the soaps ensures effective cleansing, as it obliterates different microorganisms, for instance, Pseudomonas species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris, which are main causative agents for various skin infections (Sindhu et al, 2019).…”

A review of the traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological activities of Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link (Apocynaceae)

“…Acne is caused by increased sebum production, bacterial infection, and hyperkeratosis (Cong et al 2019). The metabolites found in the infusion are phenolic compounds (PCs) and alkaloids, both of which are considered important in reducing inflammation and infection (Sindhu et al 2021). Based on the action of both compounds, the topical use of the infusion to reduce acne can be substantiated; through the antioxidant capacity of the PCs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by neutrophils responsible for the progression of inflammation can be reduced (Briganti & Picardo 2003, Prasad et al 2020, Zielinski et al 2014.…”

Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

“…In Ethiopia, 90% of the medicine of the livestock and 70% of human population depend on traditional medicine [ 6 ]. Therapeutic usefulness of plants is decided by their chemical contents or phytochemical ingredients, which are present naturally in plants [ 7 , 8 ]. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and glycosides are the major secondary metabolites found in plants that have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties [ 9 ].…”