Phytoremediation of Explosives

Hannink, Nerissa K; Rosser, Susan J.; Bruce, Neil C.

doi:10.1080/0735-260291044340

Cited by 111 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…Metabolism of pesticides has already been extensively studied for many years [29,96,97] while the metabolism of nonagricultural xenobiotics such as trichloroethylene (TCE), TNT, glyceroltrinitrate (GTN), PAHs, PCBs, pharmaceuticals and other chlorinated compounds has also been dealt with more recently [28][29][30][98][99][100][101]. It was shown that most of these compounds are metabolized but only a few chemicals appear to be fully mineralized.…”

Section: Biotic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix

Dordio

Carvalho

2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

197

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Section: Biotic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix

Dordio

Carvalho

2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

197

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“…Such species could include poplar and grasses such as switchgrass; however, while there is a range in tolerance levels, TNT has been found to be toxic at environment-contaminating amounts in all species tested so far (Hannink et al, 2002). Traditional breeding or genetic modification techniques might be a way to enhance the ability of plants to withstand and detoxify TNT.…”

Section: Glutathione-tnt Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis Glutathione Transferases U24 and U25 Exhibit a Range of Detoxification Activities with the Environmental Pollutant and Explosive, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

et al. 2014

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The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a major worldwide military pollutant. The presence of this toxic and highly persistent pollutant, particularly at military sites and former manufacturing facilities, presents various health and environmental concerns. Due to the chemically resistant structure of TNT, it has proven to be highly recalcitrant to biodegradation in the environment. Here, we demonstrate the importance of two glutathione transferases (GSTs), GST-U24 and GST-U25, from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that are specifically up-regulated in response to TNT exposure. To assess the role of GST-U24 and GST-U25, we purified and characterized recombinant forms of both enzymes and demonstrated the formation of three TNT glutathionyl products. Importantly, GST-U25 catalyzed the denitration of TNT to form 2-glutathionyl-4,6-dinitrotoluene, a product that is likely to be more amenable to subsequent biodegradation in the environment. Despite the presence of this biochemical detoxification pathway in plants, physiological concentrations of GST-U24 and GST-U25 result in only a limited innate ability to cope with the levels of TNT found at contaminated sites. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GST-U24 and GST-U25 exhibit significantly enhanced ability to withstand and detoxify TNT, properties that could be applied for in planta detoxification of TNT in the field. The overexpressing lines removed significantly more TNT from soil and exhibited a corresponding reduction in glutathione levels when compared with wild-type plants. However, in the absence of TNT, overexpression of these GSTs reduces root and shoot biomass, and although glutathione levels are not affected, this effect has implications for xenobiotic detoxification.The containment and cleanup of environmental pollutants is increasingly both a legal requirement and a responsible action in many developed countries. The most commonly used explosives in military weapons are 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and their continual use, along with production and decommissioning, are progressively contaminating millions of hectares of military land . Bioremediation of TNT is particularly challenging, as the electron-withdrawing properties of the three nitro groups render the aromatic ring particularly resistant to oxidative attack and ring cleavage by microbial oxygenases, which in the environment are normally central to the biodegradation of aromatic compounds (Qasim et al., 2007). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency and the military are addressing methods by which toxic TNT and RDX can be contained and detoxified on active military training ranges. One way this problem might be tackled is through the use of plants that are adapted to detoxify these compounds. This could be achieved either by traditional breeding programs or by genetic modification, as has been demonstrated previously for both RDX and TNT (Hannink et al., 2001;Rylott et al., 2006;Jackson et al., 2007).In t...

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“…Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are known to be involved in plant metabolism of many xenobiotic pollutants in plants (Sandermann, 1994;Marrs, 1996;Ohkawa et al, 1999;Schwitzguebel and Vanek, 2003). On the other hand, cytochrome P-450, nitroreductases, hydrolases, peroxidases, and NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes have been shown, or are suspected, to play a role in RDX transformation by bacteria and fungi (Hawari, 2000;Kitts et al, 2000;Stahl et al, 2001;Bhushan et al, 2002;Hannink, Rosser, and Bruce, 2002;Seth-Smith et al, 2002;Bhushan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Metabolic Routes and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Phytoremediation of the Nitro- Substituted Explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX

Yoon¹,

Schnoor²,

Aken³

et al. 2006

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Phytoremediation of Explosives

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix

Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix

Arabidopsis Glutathione Transferases U24 and U25 Exhibit a Range of Detoxification Activities with the Environmental Pollutant and Explosive, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Identification of Metabolic Routes and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Phytoremediation of the Nitro- Substituted Explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX

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