Phytosterols and their extraction from various plant matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide: a review

Uddin, Md. Azhar; Sarker, Zaidul Islam; Ferdosh, Sahena; Jahurul, M.H.A.; Easmin, Mst. Sabina; Shamsudin, Siti Hadijah; Yunus, Kamaruzzaman

doi:10.1002/jsfa.6833

Cited by 91 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…These phytochemicals can exert substantial influence on cholesterol levels via multiple mechanisms. Phytosterols reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption by competing with cholesterol for a place in the mixed micelles 43. Phenolics inhibit the oxidation of LDL‐C, improving cardiovascular health 44.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wang

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2015

JAHA

264

187

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BackgroundVegetarian diets exclude all animal flesh and are being widely adopted by an increasing number of people; however, effects on blood lipid concentrations remain unclear. This meta‐analysis aimed to quantitatively assess the overall effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipids.Methods and ResultsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library through March 2015. Studies were included if they described the effectiveness of vegetarian diets on blood lipids (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride). Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes by using a random‐effects model. We performed subgroup and univariate meta‐regression analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. Eleven trials were included in the meta‐analysis. Vegetarian diets significantly lowered blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the pooled estimated changes were −0.36 mmol/L (95% CI −0.55 to −0.17; P<0.001), −0.34 mmol/L (95% CI −0.57 to −0.11; P<0.001), −0.10 mmol/L (95% CI −0.14 to −0.06; P<0.001), and −0.30 mmol/L (95% CI −0.50 to −0.10; P=0.04), respectively. Vegetarian diets did not significantly affect blood triglyceride concentrations, with a pooled estimated mean difference of 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI −0.05 to 0.13; P=0.40).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analysis provides evidence that vegetarian diets effectively lower blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Such diets could be a useful nonpharmaceutical means of managing dyslipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wang

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2015

JAHA

264

187

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“…The second mechanism of improving the extractivity of polar compounds consists of better penetration of SC-CO 2 into the matrix, due to swelling of the sample matrix with a co-solvent. A modifier also produces an analyte-co-solvent interaction that increases the solubility of the analytes in SC-CO 2 [12]. In most cases, the modifiers in SC-CO 2 extraction are alcohols (ethanol and methanol, respectively).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical CO2 extraction in chia oils production: impact of process duration and co-solvent addition

Dąbrowski

Konopka

Czaplicki

2018

Food Sci Biotechnol

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This study was conducted to show impact of supercritical fluid extraction using pure SC-CO2 or SC-CO2 enriched by 2, 6, and 10% of acetone, simultaneously varied by the extraction time (1 vs. 5 h), on the quality of chia seed oils. Obtained oils were relatively similar in the fatty acid composition, but they differed in total content of phytochemicals (from 4956 to 6391 mg/kg of oil). Among them, three oils were the most different: oil extracted 1 h with pure SC-CO2 (the most abundant in squalene, sterols, and tocopherols), oil extracted 5 h with pure SC-CO2 (the poorest in squalene, polyphenols, and carotenoids, with medium level of sterols and tocopherols) and oil extracted 1 h with SC-CO2 enriched by 10% acetone (the most abundant in polyphenols and carotenoids). Such unique chia oils can be valuable for special market needs, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, functional food or diet supplement production.

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“…Moreover, phytosterols have emerged as valuable nutraceuticals and functional foods in the market. These compounds are essential components of the lipid membrane bilayer in all plant tissues and show antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-ulcerative properties (Uddin et al 2015). Dietary fibre (8-28 % in concentration) as a bioactive component of pulses is another area of interest, which depends on the variety, species and processing methods used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive constituents in pulses and their health benefits

Singh¹,

et al. 2016

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Pulses are good sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, phytosterols and non-digestible carbohydrates that play important physiological as well as metabolic roles. These compounds vary in concentration amongst different pulse species and varieties. Pulse seed coats are rich in water-insoluble fibres and polyphenols (having high antioxidant activities), while cotyledons contain higher soluble fibres, oligosaccharides, slowly digestible and resistant starch content. Ferulic acid is the most abundant phenolic acid present in pulses, while flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and tannins are responsible for the seed coat colour. Sitosterol (most abundant), stigmasterol, and campesterol are the major phytosterols present in pulses. Pulse fibres, resistant starch and oligosaccharides function as probiotics and possess several other health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and reduce glucose as well as lipid levels. Beans and peas contain higher amounts of oligosaccharides than other pulses. Processing methods affect resistant starch, polyphenol composition and generally increase antioxidant activities of different pulses. In this review, the current information on pulse polyphenols, phytosterols, resistant starch, dietary fibre, oligosaccharides, antioxidant and associated health benefits are discussed.

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Phytosterols and their extraction from various plant matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide: a review

Cited by 91 publications

References 86 publications

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Supercritical CO2 extraction in chia oils production: impact of process duration and co-solvent addition

Bioactive constituents in pulses and their health benefits

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