Pial surface CSF-contacting texture, subpial and funicular plexus in the thoracic spinal cord in monkey: NADPH diaphorase histological configuration

Abstract

In spinal cord, white matter is distinguished from grey matter in that it contains ascending and descending axonal tracts. While grey matter gets concentrated with neuronal cell bodies. Notable cell bodies and sensory modality of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in white matter are still elusive in certain segment of the spinal cord. Monkey Spinal cord was examined by NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. We found that NADPH-d positive neurons clustered and featured flat plane in mediolateral funiculus in caudal thoracic and rostral lumber spinal cord, especially evident in the horizontal sections. Majority of NADPH-d funicular neurons were relatively large size and moderately-or lightly-stained neurons. In horizontal section, the multipolar processes of the neurons were thicker than that of regular other neurons. The processes oriented laterally or obliquely in the lateral funiculus. Some of neuronal cell bodies and proximal processes attached NADPH-d positive buttons or puncta. The neuronal processes interlaced network medially linked to lateral horn (intermediolateral nucleus, IML) and laterally to subpial region, in which formed subpial plexus with subpial NADPH-d neurons. Subpial plexus appeared to contacting externally with CSF. The subpial plexus patterned like round brackets located in lateromarginal pial surface. Compared with sympathetic IML in rostral thoracic segments and sacral parasympathetic IML, the funicular plexus configurated a specialized neuro-texture in caudal thoracic segments. The dendritic arbor of funicular neuron featured variety geometric plane shapes. The funicular plexus oriented exclusive layered flat-plane organization between lateral horn and subpial region in caudal thoracic and rostral lumber spinal cord. The subpial plexus may work as CSF sensor outside of spinal cord. The cluster of funicular neurons may function as locomotion sensor, besides visceral regulation. Different to periventricular CSF contacting or pericentral canal structures, NADPH-d funicular neurons and subpial plexus that located in the pial surface. With advantage of NADPH-d, we found funicular neurons which termed academically as funicular plexus and specialized localization for subpial structure we termed subpial plexus. The funicular texture was regarded as neuronal bridge between the interior CSF in the central canal and external CSF out of the pial surface.

A pathway of NADPH diaphorase positivity between central canal and pial surface at anterior fissure in spinal cord: Supra fissure area with hypothesis configuring from dog, rat, monkey and pigeon

“…We also found some positive neurons were detected in the anterior horn [22]. Recently, neuronal circuit of N-d positivity are considered as functional structures in both normal and aging organizations [23][24][25][26]. The present study aimed to specify hypothetic observation: supra fissure area between the central canal and the anterior median fissure the spinal cord.…”

“…The posterior funiculus or dorsal column distributes not only dorsal column funiculus [gracile funiculus and cuneatus funiculus] but also neuronal cells, which function as integration of neuronal circuit [48]. In our recent investigation, the Nd CSF contacting neurons and plexus as well as subpial neurons in the median dorsal funiculus configurate a CSF detecting and sensation structure [25]. What function could be for the N-d pathway between the central canal and the anterior fissure?…”

“…The subcommissural organ is important to form the Reissner's fiber in the central canal. We thought that the central canal should be considered as a crucial organ for CSF circulation and motion control [25].…”

Somatic Rhythmic Motion Effective on Peristaltic Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Hypothesis for Music- and Sport-Based Interventions

“…Neuromodulation via the CSF strongly influence neuronal activity [49]. Recently, we find that the CSF-Ns are present in both the interior CFS, the wall of cc and also exterior CSF, the surface or subpial of the spinal cord [11,12]. We also hypothesis that CSF-N in the spinal cord may sense motion of the spinal cord [11] ( Figure 4 and Figure 5.…”

“…Considering music therapy, physical therapy, sportor rehabilitation intervention, some approaches of the treatment rely on "mechanical movement" of nonpharmacology in physical medicine and rehabilitation [5,6]. Considering certain intensity of rhythmic and repetitive somatic movements applied during treatment, in the present article, we figure out conceptions of music bio-imagination and briefly discuss physical properties of somatic rhythmic movements impact on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based on relevant researches [7][8][9][10] and our research considerations [11][12][13].…”