Piezoelectricity, Phase Stability, and Surface Diffusion in Multicomponent Nitrides

Abstract

The cover image is a compilation inspired by key results from my research.During the course of research underlying this thesis, Christopher Tholander was enrolled in Agora Materiae, a multidiciplinary doctoral program at Linköping University, Sweden.c Christopher Printed by LiU-Tryck 2016 Till min familj AbstractThe last hundred years have been full of scientific discoveries leading to technological advances, such as, computers, smart phones, etc. Most of the advances would not have been possible without new discoveries within the vast field of materials science. The specific area within materials science covered in this thesis is multicomponent nitride alloys, which are commonly used as thin films in industrial applications, e.g., as hard wear-resistant coatings for cutting-tools or as part of intricate electronic components in mobile telecommunication devices. The core of this thesis is towards the fundamental understanding of existing, and the discovery of new, nitride alloys using theoretical tools. Knowledge about the quantum mechanics of the alloys was gained using density functional theory (DFT), alloy theory, and thermodynamics investigating piezoelectricity, phase stability, and surface diffusion.The focus of the piezoelectricity research is on piezoelectric properties of both ordered and disordered nitrides. The exploration of disordered wurtzite nitrides revealed important aspects of the nitride alloying physics and the implications for their piezoelectric response, in addition to the discovery of interesting alloy candidates and their synthesis, e.g., Y x In 1−x N. For the ordered nitrides, novel TMZnN 2 (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf) structures with high piezoelectric responses have been predicted as stable.The thermodynamic stability of novel alloys with interesting properties is investigated in order to determine if equilibrium or non-equilibrium synthesis is feasible. The studies consist of ternary phase diagrams of TM-Zn-N, mixing enthalpies for disordered Y x Al 1−x N and Y x In 1−x N that can be used to predict possible synthesis routes and guide experiments. In addition, mixing enthalpies for strained Sc x Al 1−x N/In y Al 1−y N superlattices show that the stability of certain phases and, therefore, the crystalline quality can be improved by modifying in-plane lattice parameters through higher indium content in the InAlN layers.Surface diffusion is studied because it is an important factor during thin film growth with, for example, physical vapor deposition (PVD). It is the main atomic v vi transport mechanism and, thus, governs the structure development of thin films. Specifically, the research is focused on diffusion on the surfaces of disordered alloys, and in particular Ti, Al, and N adatom diffusion on TiN and TiAlN surfaces. The investigations revealed that Ti adatom mobilities are dramatically reduced in the presence of Al in the surface layer on the TiN and Ti 0.5 Al 0.5 N(0 0 1) surfaces, while Al adatoms are largely unaffected. Furthermore, the reverse effect is found on the TiN (1 1 1) surf...