Pigmented Skin Models: Understand the Mechanisms of Melanocytes

Gendreau, Isabelle; Angers, Laetitia; Jean, Jessica; Pouliot, Roxane

doi:10.5772/55565

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…• in vivo assays and clinical trials: Mammalian skin is generally preferred to evaluate the efficacy and innocuousness of a given substance [93]: several animal models, more reliable than in vitro tests, have been used, e.g., the mouse [92,94], the zebrafish [94][95][96], the guinea pig [97,98], and the Yucatan swine [99,100]. The zebrafish presents several advantages, including easy maintenance and handling of the animals, short generation times, and high efficiency of drug penetration through the skin [96,101,102].…”

Section: Testing the Whitening Potential Of A Given Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

et al. 2016

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Abstract:With the public's growing interest in skin whitening, lightening ingredients only used under dermatological supervision until recently, are more and more frequently incorporated into cosmetic formulas. The active agents that lighten skin tone are either natural or synthetic substances, and may act at various levels of melanogenesis. They are used to treat various skin pigmentation disorders or simply to obtain a lighter skin tone as whiter skin may be synonymous of wealth, health, youth, and/or beauty in different cultures. However, recent studies demonstrated the adverse effects of some of these ingredients, leading to their interdiction or restricted use under the European Directive and several other international regulations. After an overview of skin whitening practices and the associated risks, this article provides insight into the mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis and the biological assays available to attest the lightening activity of individual ingredients. The legislation dealing with the use of skin lighteners is then discussed. As traditional depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone and corticosteroids are of safety concern, the potential of natural extracts has been investigated more and more; finally, a synthesis of three years of research in our laboratory for such plant extracts will be given.

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Section: Testing the Whitening Potential Of A Given Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

et al. 2016

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“…Although PIH can resolve spontaneously, the process takes months or more. Subsequent to skin injuries, cytokines and inflammatory mediators (particularly leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane-2, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) can stimulate melanocyte activity and promote melanin production [ 33 ]. Our study revealed that sericin decreased production of allergic chemokines, CCL8 and CCL18, and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of urea-extracted sericin on melanogenesis: potential applications in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

et al. 2018

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BackgroundHyperpigmentation disorders such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation are major concerns not only in light-skinned people but also in Asian populations with darker skin. The anti-tyrosinase and immunomodulatory effects of sericin have been known for decades. However, the therapeutic effects of sericin on hyperpigmentation disorders have not been well documented.MethodsIn this study, we used an in vitro model to study the anti-tyrosinase, tolerogenic, and anti-melanogenic effects of sericin on Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PEG)-stimulated melanocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and artificial skin (MelanoDerm™). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, conventional and immunolabeled electron microscopy, and histopathological studies were performed.ResultsThe results revealed that urea-extracted sericin has strong anti-tyrosinase properties as shown by a reduction of tyrosinase activity in melanin pigments both 48 h and 10 days after allergic induction with PEG. Anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β were upregulated upon sericin treatment (10, 20, and 50 µg/mL), whereas production of allergic chemokines, CCL8 and CCL18, by DCs was diminished 48 h after allergic induction with PEG. Moreover, sericin lowered the expression of micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a marker of melanogenesis regulation, in melanocytes and keratinocytes, which contributed to the reduction of melanin size and the magnitude of melanin deposition. However, sericin had no effect on melanin transport between melanocytes and keratinocytes, as demonstrated by a high retention of cytoskeletal components.ConclusionIn summary, sericin suppresses melanogenesis by inhibition of tyrosinase activity, reduction of inflammation and allergy, and modulation of MITF function.

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“…Each melanocyte is surrounded by approximately 4–10 basal keratinocytes (9). Melanocyte’s dendrites expand between keratinocytes and KCs-derived growth factors stimulate proliferation and differentiation of MCs (10). One of the functions of melanocytes is pigmentation through the production of melanin pigments, produced in melanosomes and can be transferred to the keratinocyte and stored there.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although melanin is mixed with other pigments such as carotenoids and hemoglobin derivatives to compose the skin color, it is the principal pigment of the skin that can be found in two different colors: yellow/red (pheomelanin) and brown/black (eumelanin). People with more pigmented skin have less risk of developing skin cancer or sunburn because eumelanins are more photoprotective than pheomelanins (10–12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tyrosinase uses tyrosine, DOPA and 5, 6 dihydroxyindole (DHI) as substrates to produce respectively DOPA, DOPA-quinone and DHI-melanin. Tyrosinase activity is regulated by some factors such as the pH (optimal at 6.8 in melanosomes) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) (10). When α-MSH binds with melanocortin receptor-1 (MC1R), eumelanin pigments will be produced, whereas when α-MSH does not recognize MC1R, pheomelanin pigments are generated (6, 10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultured Epidermal Melanocyte Transplantation in Vitiligo: A Review Article

Zokaei¹,

Farhud²,

Keykhaei³

et al. 2019

ijph

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Background: The color of the skin is highly heritable but can be influenced by the environments and endocrine factors. Many other factors, sometimes destructive, are also involved in the formation of skin color, which sometimes affects pigmentation patterns. Vitiligo is an autoimmune hypopigmentation painless disorder with appearance of white patches and psychological effects on patients. It is a disease in which melanocytes of the skin are destroyed in certain areas; therefore depigmentation appears. Methods: We studied more than 60 articles. Several therapeutic methods have been used to return the color of skin in vitiligo. These methods include non-invasive treatment and surgical techniques. Among all these therapies, cell transplantation is an advanced procedure in regenerative medicine. Extraction of melanocytes from normal skin and then their cultivation in the laboratory provides a large number of these cells, the transplanting of which to depigmentation areas stimulates the site to irreversibly produce melanin. Results: The transplantation methods of these cells have been evolved over many years and the methods of producing blister have been changed to the injection of these cells to the target sites. Conclusion: In this review, autologous cultured melanocyte transplantation has been considered to be the most viable, safe, and effective method in the history of vitiligo treatments.

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Pigmented Skin Models: Understand the Mechanisms of Melanocytes

Cited by 10 publications

References 117 publications

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

Effect of urea-extracted sericin on melanogenesis: potential applications in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

Cultured Epidermal Melanocyte Transplantation in Vitiligo: A Review Article

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