Pilot‐plant studies on the preparation of crude papain from raw papaya

Krishnamurthy, G. V.; Bhatia, B. S.; Lal, Girdhari; Subrahmanyan, V.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740110802

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Umbrella-like devices are fixed around the trunks to collect the exuded latex, which is then dried. The following diverse recommendations concerning optimum fruit age occur in the literature: the tapping can commence when the fruits are (i) 4 inch in diameter or when the trees are 9-12 months ~l d ;~-~ (ii) 3 months after fruit set;?, 8 (iii) 2 weeks before ripening;g, 10 (iv) fruits one-half to three-quarters deve1oped;ll (v) full size green fruits;l (vi) the proteolytic activity is highest in 5-month-old fruit. 12 Preliminary experiments at CITA indicated that there is considerable inter-fruit and inter-tree variation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dependence of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex

et al. 1980

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The yields of fresh papaya latex, dry latex (crude papain) and proteolytic activity were studied with respect to fruit age (1.5-3 months); sex of the tree (those which produce fruit: female and hermaphrodite); time (5.30 a.m.-2.00 p.m.) of latex collection; pattern and frequency of fruit incisions. The yields from 250 randomly selected trees (750 fruits) were investigated under these different conditions. Yields of fresh latex are frequently unreliable guides to yields of proteolytic activity. In contrast to the literature recommendations, the yields of crude papain from female and hermaphrodite trees and during different periods of the day were similar. The proteolytic activity differs significantly with time of collection only with hermaphrodite trees. The proteolytic activity of hermaphrodite crude papain is usually less than that from females (under some conditions only 60% of that from females). Yields of crude papain were higher in older fruits (2.5-3 months) from both sexes. The proteolytic activity of the crude papain was highest in the younger fruits (1.5-2 months) from female trees (30% higher than from older fruits); these activity differences with age were not significant with hermaphrodite trees. No significant differences in crude papain yields were encountered using three or six incisions per fruit at weekly intervals. The optimum procedure is to tap 2.5-3-month-old fruit of both sexes with three incisions between dawn and the start of rains in early afternoon, at about 4-day intervals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dependence of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex

et al. 1980

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The storage and drying characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L.) latex

et al. 1980

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A range of latex storage and air drying conditions were studied with regard to the proteolytic activity of the dried latex (‘crude papain’). The optimum drying temperature is between 50–55°C, activity losses on drying can be restricted to about 7% under these conditions. The activity of crude papain is the same if it is derived either from exuded latex or from that portion (about 20% of latex yield) which coagulates on the fruit surface on tapping. Latex storage at tropical ambient for 2–24 h prior to drying (with or without exposure to sunlight) causes maximum losses of about 20% in the proteolytic activity of the crude papain. Sodium chloride addition has an anti‐coagulating effect on latex and accelerates the later stages of drying. Contrary to earlier reports, this causes a decreased activity in the product, which may be related to changes in latex pH. Addition of EDTA or sodium bisulphite, singly or in combination, protects the latex activity (increases of 20–25% relative to controls).

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Vasconcellea

Scheldeman

Kyndt

D'Eeckenbrugge

et al. 2011

Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources

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Vasconcellea, comprising 21 species, is the largest genus of the Caricaceae, best known for the monotypic genus Carica, including papaya (C. papaya), one of the most important tropical fruit crops. It is distributed from Mexico to Chile, with the center of diversity in Ecuador and Colombia. Because of their preference for higher altitudes, most Vasconcellea species are referred to as highland or mountain papayas. Currently, five of them are threatened and red-listed and four are not found in protected areas, while none of them are currently present in seed collections, raising questions on their conservation and urging for rapid action. Some Vasconcellea species have potential as novel tropical fruits, particularly V.?×?heilbornii, V.?cundinamarcensis, and V. goudotiana, which are being used for a growing (niche) market for new exotic products. As a source of papain, several Vasconcellea species show proteolytic activity up to 17 times as high as that of papaya. Others are being used as a source of new genes for papaya breeding, particularly for disease resistance (especially against papaya ringspot virus), cold tolerance, and specific organoleptic traits. Optimal use of Vasconcellea genetic resources requires a better understanding of its genetic potential, as well as the development of technologies to create intergeneric hybrids with papaya, as conventional breeding faces significant barriers. Cytogenetic and molecular studies, based on AFLP, PCR-RFLP, and SRR analysis, have allowed a better understanding of the evolution of the main Vasconcellea species, indicating complex hybridization and introgression processes among multiple species, which contrasts with the straightforward domestication of the common papaya. Genomic research in Vasconcellea has been limited to the sequencing of some gene fragments and the development of BAC libraries for a few species. Recent progress on papaya genomics, the development of a high-density genetic map, and the sequencing of the genome will help in the identification of genes of interest in Vasconcellea, either for papaya breeding or for the development of Vasconcellea species as new crops. (Résumé d'auteur

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Pilot‐plant studies on the preparation of crude papain from raw papaya

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

The dependence of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex

The dependence of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex

The storage and drying characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L.) latex

Vasconcellea

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