Pinewood Nematode: A Threat

Applying a spread model to identify the entry points from which the pine wood nematode, the vector of pine wilt disease, would spread most rapidly across Europe

“…Various Monochamus species can carry B. xylophilus, particularly M. carolinensis (Olivier) in North America (Dropkin et al 1981;Linit et al 1983;Linit 1988), M. alternatus (Hope) in infested regions of Asia (Mamiya 1972;Lee et al 1990;Chang et al 1995;Yang 2004) and M. galloprovincialis (Olivier) in Portugal (Evans et al 1996;Sousa et al 2001;Sousa et al 2002;Penas et al 2006). The latter species is mostly found on pine trees in southwestern Europe and North Africa but it also occurs in North and Central Europe (Hellrigl 1971, see also http://www.faunaeur.org/).…”

Effects of pine wilt disease invasion on soil properties and Masson pine forest communities in the Three Gorges reservoir region, China

“…The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), which originated in North America and causes the destructive pine wilt disease (PWD) (Dropkin et al. 1981; Shi et al. 2007), is identified as the leading forest pest in China (Wan et al.…”

Worldwide invasion routes of the pinewood nematode: What can we infer from population genetics analyses?

“…Outside North America (widely recognized as the native range of this species, Dropkin et al 1981; Kiritani and Morimoto 2004;Wingfield et al 1982), PWN is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (Mamiya 1972(Mamiya , 1976(Mamiya , 1983 and it poses a serious threat to pine forests worldwide, due to ecological and economic consequences of infestation (Mamiya 1988;Soliman et al 2012;Suzuki 2002;Vicente et al 2011). It was first observed outside its native range in Japan, in 1905, near Nagasaki (Mamiya 1988, where 28 % of the 2.1 million ha of pine forest was found to be infested in 2000 (Mamiya 2004).…”