Pituitary Gland

Scanes, Colin G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407160-5.00023-3

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 454 publications

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“…8), a spatial distribution similar to that of gonadotrophs (e.g. LH-cells), which is distributed throughout both lobes (Proudman et al 1999, Scanes 2015. Double fluorescence staining further elucidated that GRP-ir cells account for 11.7% of total pituitary cells, and GRP is mainly expressed in LH-cells ( Fig.…”

Section: Tissue Expression Of Cgrp and Cgrpr: Evidence For Cgrp Beingmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…cGRP is expressed mainly in LH-cells It is documented that the chicken anterior pituitary contains multiple hormone-producing cells, including somatotrophs (GH-cells) (Harvey et al 1979), lactotrophs (PRL-cells) (Ohkubo et al 2000, Liang et al 2006, corticotrophs (ACTH-cells) and gonadotrophs (e.g. LH-cells) (Proudman et al 1999, Scanes 2015. To determine whether cGRP is produced by these hormoneproducing cells, double immunofluorescence staining was performed in cultured dispersed pituitary cells.…”

Section: Characterization Of Grp Expression In Chicken Anterior Pituimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of NMB, GRP and their receptors (BRS3, NMBR and GRPR) in chickens

Huang

Cui

et al. 2017

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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The two structurally and functionally related peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB) play critical roles in many physiological/pathological processes in mammals. However, the information regarding the expression and functionality of avian NMB, GRP and their receptors is limited. Here, we characterized cNMB, cGRP and their receptors (cNMBR, cGRPR and cBRS3) in chickens. Our results showed that: (1) cNMBR and cGRPR expressed in CHO cells could be potently activated by cNMB and cGRP, respectively, as monitored by cell-based luciferase reporter assays, indicating that cNMBR and cGRPR are cNMB- and cGRP-specific receptors; strikingly, BRS3 of chickens (/spotted gars), which is orthologous to mouse bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3), could be potently activated by GRP and NMB, demonstrating that both peptides are the endogenous ligands for chicken (/spotted gar) BRS3; (2) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed that is widely expressed in chicken tissues with abundant expression in the ovary, pancreas, proventriculus, spinal cord and brain, whereas, and are mainly expressed in the brain and testes; (3) interestingly, qPCR, Western blot and immunostaining revealed that cGRP is predominantly expressed in the anterior pituitary and mainly localized to LH-cells, suggesting that cGRP is likely a novel pituitary hormone in chickens. In summary, our data help to uncover the roles of GRP, NMB and their receptors in birds, and provide the first persuasive evidence from an evolutionary prospective that in vertebrates, GRP and NMB are the endogenous ligands for BRS3, an orphan receptor that has puzzled endocrinologists for more than two decades.

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Section: Tissue Expression Of Cgrp and Cgrpr: Evidence For Cgrp Beingmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Characterization Of Grp Expression In Chicken Anterior Pituimentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of NMB, GRP and their receptors (BRS3, NMBR and GRPR) in chickens

Huang

Cui

et al. 2017

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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“…The identification of CART peptide as a pituitary hormone in chickens, together with the evidence on gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) being a potential pituitary hormone presented in our recent study (Mo et al, 2017), undoubtedly stresses the importance on revisiting the basic concept of avian pituitary biology, i.e., the avian anterior pituitary, which has long been thought to produce six classic hormones (GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH) (Proudman et al, 1999; Scanes, 2015), secretes additional endocrine hormones including CART and GRP peptides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Since the spatial distribution of CART detected by qPCR within anterior pituitaries is much similar to that of LHβ (Proudman et al, 1999; Scanes, 2015) and different from that of GH / PRL (Figure 1E), it led us to hypothesize that like pituitary LH (Sharp et al, 1986, 1987), CART secretion is likely controlled by the hypothalamic GnRH in chickens. To test this hypothesis, the effects of two chicken GnRHs (GnRH1 and GnRH2) on CART peptide release were examined both in vitro and in vivo .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Pituitary Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Expression and Secretion by Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Chickens

Huang

et al. 2019

Front. Physiol.

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There is increasing evidence that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is abundantly expressed in the anterior pituitary of birds and mammals, suggesting that CART peptide may be a novel pituitary hormone and its expression and secretion is likely controlled by the hypothalamic factor(s). To substantiate this hypothesis, using chicken as an animal model, we examined the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on pituitary CART secretion and expression and investigated whether GnRH could modulate plasma CART levels. The results showed that: (1) chicken GnRH (GnRH1 and GnRH2) could potently stimulate CART peptide secretion in intact pituitaries incubated in vitro , as detected by Western blot; (2) GnRH could also stimulate CART mRNA expression in cultured pituitary cells, as revealed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay; (3) GnRH actions on pituitary CART expression and secretion are likely mediated by GnRH receptor coupled to the intracellular Ca 2+ , MEK/ERK, and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways; and (4) plasma CART levels are high in chickens at various developmental stages (1.2–3.5 ng/ml) and show an increasing trend towards sexual maturity, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, plasma CART levels could be significantly induced by intraperitoneal administration of GnRH in chicks. Taken together, our data provide the first collective evidence that CART peptide is a novel pituitary hormone and its expression and secretion are tightly controlled by hypothalamic GnRH, thus likely being an active player in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

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“…In the pituitary gland, expression levels of CRHR1 decreased in both breeds after 45 min of restraint stress. CRHR1, a receptor for CRH, is an important link between CRH release from the hypothalamus and the secretion of ACTH from the pituitary ( Scanes, 2015 ). Downregulation of CRHR1 in the pituitary may decrease the release of ACTH and hence, may have an important function on regulation of the HPA axis in chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Løtvedt

Fallahshahroudi

Bektic

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

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Domesticated species have an attenuated behavioral and physiological stress response compared to their wild counterparts, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this change are not fully understood. We investigated gene expression of a panel of stress response-related genes in five tissues known for their involvement in the stress response: hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands and liver of domesticated White Leghorn chickens and compared it with the wild ancestor of all domesticated breeds, the Red Junglefowl. Gene expression was measured both at baseline and after 45 min of restraint stress. Most of the changes in gene expression related to stress were similar to mammals, with an upregulation of genes such as FKBP5, C-FOS and EGR1 in hippocampus and hypothalamus and StAR, MC2R and TH in adrenal glands. We also found a decrease in the expression of CRHR1 in the pituitary of chickens after stress, which could be involved in negative feedback regulation of the stress response. Furthermore, we observed a downregulation of EGR1 and C-FOS in the pituitary following stress, which could be a potential link between stress and its effects on reproduction and growth in chickens.We also found changes in the expression of important genes between breeds such as GR in the hypothalamus, POMC and PC1 in the pituitary and CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 in the adrenal glands. These results suggest that the domesticated White Leghorn may have a higher capacity for negative feedback of the HPA axis, a lower capacity for synthesis of ACTH in the pituitary and a reduced synthesis rate of corticosterone in the adrenal glands compared to Red Junglefowl. All of these findings could explain the attenuated stress response in the domesticated birds.

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Pituitary Gland

Cited by 13 publications

References 454 publications

Characterization of NMB, GRP and their receptors (BRS3, NMBR and GRPR) in chickens

Characterization of NMB, GRP and their receptors (BRS3, NMBR and GRPR) in chickens

Regulation of Pituitary Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Expression and Secretion by Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Chickens

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

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