Plague Immunization. I. Past and Present Trends

Meyer, K. F.; Cavanaugh, Dan C.; Bartelloni, Peter J.; Marshall, John D.

doi:10.1093/infdis/129.supplement_1.s13

Cited by 108 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, up to a 3 ϫ 10 9 CFU/dose of EV76 has been used to immunize humans by the cutaneous route (79). The EV76 vaccine strain causes severe local and systemic reactions in animals and humans (80)(81)(82)(83), and, more seriously, deaths have been reported in NHPs (82). In addition, a similar pgm-negative strain of Y. pestis retains virulence in mice and NHPs when administered by the intranasal (i.n.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with a Live-Attenuated Triple Mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 Induces Robust Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity To Completely Protect Animals against Pneumonic Plague

Tiner

Sha

Ponnusamy

et al. 2015

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Y ersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague (1), and there has been a rise in the number of plague cases globally in recent years possibly due to climate changes and shifting of the rodent carrier range (2). The organism is classified as a tier 1 select agent (3-5), and the progression of septicemic and pneumonic forms of plague is very rapidly fatal after the first appearance of symptoms (4, 6-8). Alarmingly, antibiotic-resistant strains of Y. pestis have been isolated from plague patients and also have been engineered for bioweaponization (4). Therefore, vaccination is the optimal strategy for human protection against this deadly disease; however, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed plague vaccines available in the United States (9-11).Although a heat-killed plague vaccine composed of the Y. pestis 195/P strain was in use in the United States until 1999, the production of this vaccine was discontinued because of its effectiveness only against the bubonic plague and not the pneumonic form and also because it was highly reactogenic in humans (12, 13). Various live-attenuated Y. pestis EV76 vaccine strains, which lack the pigmentation locus (pgm) required for iron acquisition, provide protection against bubonic and pneumonic plague and are being used in some parts of the world where plague is endemic (9). However, these EV76-based vaccines are not genetically uniform and are also highly reactogenic (14); hence, they do not meet the standards for FDA approval. In addition, the ⌬pgm mutants of Y. pestis (e.g., the KIM/D27 strain) may not be safe because of a reported case of fatal infection in an individual with hemochromatosis (15,16).In an effort to search for a new live-attenuated plague vaccine, we recently constructed a ⌬lpp ⌬msbB ⌬ail triple mutant, with deleted genes encoding Braun lipoprotein (Lpp), an acetyltransferase (MsbB), and the attachment invasion locus (Ail) (17). Lpp

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with a Live-Attenuated Triple Mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 Induces Robust Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity To Completely Protect Animals against Pneumonic Plague

Tiner

Sha

Ponnusamy

et al. 2015

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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“…The live attenuated Y. pestis strain EV76 efficiently protected against bubonic plague and induced high titers of antibodies but did not confer long-lasting immunity and induced mild to severe side reactions (27). Furthermore, the immunogenicity and virulence of the EV76 vaccine preparations used in different countries were found to be highly variable, most likely because of the genetic drift of the bacteria used (27,51).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the immunogenicity and virulence of the EV76 vaccine preparations used in different countries were found to be highly variable, most likely because of the genetic drift of the bacteria used (27,51). Indeed, a high genomic plasticity is observed in Y. pestis (5,30) and results from frequent chromosomal rearrangements between the numerous copies of insertion sequences (IS) present in its genome.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Vaccination against Bubonic Plague Using a Live AvirulentYersinia pseudotuberculosisStrain

Blisnick¹,

Avé

Huerre

et al. 2008

Infect Immun

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We evaluated the possibility of using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a live vaccine against plague because it shares high genetic identity with Y. pestis while being much less virulent, genetically much more stable, and deliverable orally. A total of 41 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were screened by PCR for the absence of the high pathogenicity island, the superantigens YPM, and the type IV pilus and the presence of the pYV virulence plasmid. One strain (IP32680) fulfilled these criteria. This strain was avirulent in mice upon intragastric or subcutaneous inoculation and persisted for 2 months in the mouse intestine without clinical signs of disease. IP32680 reached the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver without causing major histological lesions and was cleared after 13 days. The antibodies produced in vaccinated animals recognized both Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis antigens efficiently. After a subcutaneous challenge with Y. pestis CO92, bacteria were found in low amounts in the organs and rarely in the blood of vaccinated animals. One oral IP32680 inoculation protected 75% of the mice, and two inoculations induced much higher antibody titers and protected 88% of the mice. Our results thus validate the concept that an attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis strain can be an efficient, inexpensive, safe, and easy-to-produce live vaccine for oral immunization against bubonic plague.

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“…145 Plague vaccines have been developed for human use. 146,147 However, none of these vaccines is commercially available, and their safety and efficacy have not been adequately tested. 148 Control of human plague involves diagnosis of the infection, isolation of the patient and immediate contacts, focal attack on the area invaded by plague through disinfestation of premises and persons with insecticide.…”

Section: Surveillance Prevention and Control Of Human Plaguementioning

confidence: 99%

Current perspectives on the spread of plague in Africa

Lotfy¹

2015

RRTM

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Plague is a zoonotic disease which has been responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout the recorded human history. This review was carried out with the aim of evaluating the current situation of human plague in Africa. The disease was reported from at least 28 countries in the continent, among them eight countries are currently with active human foci. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Madagascar are the countries with the highest endemicity in the world. A unique gathering of factors involved in the disease re-emergence in other parts of the world is present in Madagascar. The risk factors affecting persistence and spread of plague in the country were briefly reviewed. Based on the data presented, it was concluded that all African countries should be concerned by the possible emergence/re-emergence of the disease. It is crucial to implement some preventive measures in these countries. These measures include surveillance of suspected natural foci, rodent and insect eradication campaigns, and public health education.

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Plague Immunization. I. Past and Present Trends

Cited by 108 publications

References 7 publications

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with a Live-Attenuated Triple Mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 Induces Robust Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity To Completely Protect Animals against Pneumonic Plague

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with a Live-Attenuated Triple Mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 Induces Robust Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity To Completely Protect Animals against Pneumonic Plague

Oral Vaccination against Bubonic Plague Using a Live AvirulentYersinia pseudotuberculosisStrain

Current perspectives on the spread of plague in Africa

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