Plant diversity effects on crop yield, pathogen incidence, and secondary metabolism on cacao farms in Peruvian Amazonia

Kieck, Julia S.; Zug, Katharina; Yupanqui, Hugo Alfredo Huamaní; Aliaga, R. Gómez; Cierjacks, Arne

doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.006

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, in Costa Rica, Deheuvels et al (2012) found that cocoa yield per tree was higher in simple cropping systems with a dominance of Musa than in complex cropping systems characterized by high crop diversity. However, Kieck et al (2016) found that plant diversity did affect cocoa yields, yet, the pod size was positively correlated to the diversity of the cacao cropping systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contribution of cacao agroforestry versus mono-cropping systems for enhanced sustainability. A review with a focus on yield

Mattalia

Wezel²,

Costet³

et al. 2022

Agroforest Syst

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monocrops and simple AFS and 20 comparisons of monocrop and complex AFS. Three main research findings derive from this work. First, in about one third of cases, cacao trees yield more (or equally) in AFS than in monocrops. However, when considering only simple AFS, cacao trees yield more or equal to cacao monocrop in 52% of the cases. Second, cocoa AFS yields an average of 14% less than cacao monocrop. Yet, on average simple AFS yielded 2% less than cacao monocrops. Finally, there are too little elements to draw conclusions about the nexus between cocoa quality and cacao tree cultivation system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contribution of cacao agroforestry versus mono-cropping systems for enhanced sustainability. A review with a focus on yield

Mattalia

Wezel²,

Costet³

et al. 2022

Agroforest Syst

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“…A trial applied to an AFS using only cultural management practices of regular pruning twice a year, weed removal, infected fruit removal, and periodic harvest demonstrated that the occurrence of witches' broom was lower in AFS than in monoculture (Armengot et al, 2020). In another study, it was also shown that in AFS there is a close relationship between biodiversity, the occurrence of pathogens, and the secondary metabolism of cocoa trees infected with M. perniciosa, as the analysed beans had high concentrations of polyphenols and caffeine, compounds with a relevant function in resistance to fungi (Kieck et al, 2016). However, there remains a lack of understanding of the many mechanisms through which AFS biodiversity interacts and benefits agricultural production (Kieck et al, 2016).…”

Section: Control S Tr Ateg Ie Smentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In another study, it was also shown that in AFS there is a close relationship between biodiversity, the occurrence of pathogens, and the secondary metabolism of cocoa trees infected with M . perniciosa , as the analysed beans had high concentrations of polyphenols and caffeine, compounds with a relevant function in resistance to fungi (Kieck et al, 2016). However, there remains a lack of understanding of the many mechanisms through which AFS biodiversity interacts and benefits agricultural production (Kieck et al, 2016).…”

Section: Control Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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History, dissemination, and field control strategies of cocoa witches’ broom

et al. 2021

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The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) is native to the Americas, specifically South America, in the region of the Amazon Rainforest (Ploetz, 2007). Among the indigenous peoples inhabiting tropical America, the plant has such importance that it became known as the food of the gods (de Souza et al., 2018). The cocoa tree is from the Malvaceae family, which is composed of the former families Sterculiaceae, Bombacaeae, Malvaceae sensu lato, and Tiliaceae (Ploetz, 2007).The fruits of the tree, called cocoa, appear along the trunk of the plant. The beans, considered the most commercially profitable part of the plant, are inside the pods. Currently, the international trade in cocoa beans has made cocoa farming an important activity for several countries (Fiorin et al., 2018).Cocoa bean production is the basis of the billion-dollar industry of cocoa transformation (Moretti-Almeida et al., 2019). Various products are obtained from the beans, chocolate being the most important and well known (Pimenta Neto et al., 2018;de Souza et al., 2018). Cocoa is produced in countries in Africa, Asia, South America, and Central America among others; however, Africa is the largest producer in the world (Pimenta Neto et al., 2018). Among the cocoa-producing countries, Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), Ghana, and Indonesia stand out, as they are responsible for more than half of the world production of cocoa beans (Campos-Vega et al., 2018).

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“…Increased biodiversity in agricultural systems helps increase resistance and resilience to pathogens and insect pests (Bianchi et al, 2006;Bonin & Tracy, 2012;Kieck et al, 2016).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avocado Root Rot

Frankel¹

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In recent years, small avocado producers in coastal Colombia returned to their farms after decades of war to discover they must battle the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi devastating their trees. While this disease is well-described in the U.S., Australia, and Europe, no previous research has examined environmental correlates of P. cinnamomi in avocado in the diverse tropical agroecosystem of the Colombian Montes de Maria. I used agroecosystem inventory, in-field diagnostics and disease observations to describe avocado agroecosystem diversity and identify relationships among P. cinnamomi presence, root rot disease, slope, pH, soil compaction, elevation, and distance to household in remote smallholder farms in the coastal mountains of Colombia. I also evaluated accuracy of a locally accessible, low-cost bioassay for detecting the pathogen. Although P. cinnamomi proved to be ubiquitous in the region, soil compaction and increasing slope were both negatively related to disease incidence at the farm level, and some infected trees appeared healthy. Furthermore, the low-cost bioassay detected P. cinnamomi equally well as commercial immunostrips. As conflict reparations are negotiated in this remote region, small farmers should be compensated for retaining their highly diversified genetic stock, diverse cropping palettes, and indigenous techniques, as they may provide a refuge for avocado from the heavy disease burden in the steep and rocky growing terrain. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Rachel O'Malley for her continued guidance, trust, and enthusiastic support throughout this process. I would like to acknowledge and thank my committee members, Dr. Will Russell and Dr. Jenny Broome for their support in designing this research and writing this thesis. This research would not have been possible without the support and guidance of the plant pathology team at Driscoll's and my in-country mentor, Lillian Hall as well as the Sembrando Paz organization, its employees, and all the farmers and their families who graciously allowed me to survey their farms, fed me and housed me. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and especially my fiancé, Dalton, for their continued love and support. vi Table of Contents List of Tables .

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Plant diversity effects on crop yield, pathogen incidence, and secondary metabolism on cacao farms in Peruvian Amazonia

Cited by 14 publications

References 67 publications

Contribution of cacao agroforestry versus mono-cropping systems for enhanced sustainability. A review with a focus on yield

Contribution of cacao agroforestry versus mono-cropping systems for enhanced sustainability. A review with a focus on yield

History, dissemination, and field control strategies of cocoa witches’ broom

Avocado Root Rot

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