Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as a Natural Resource for Sustainable Rice Production under the Soil Salinity, Wastewater, and Heavy Metal Stress

Abstract

Rice is a cereal plant that is consumed in a grain form; however, its prolonged contact with irrigation wastewater might pose a threat to the consumers despite the following milling processes to eliminate the grain surface contamination which means that it needs further cooking to be suitable for human use. Additionally, excessive salt levels in wastewater can cause plant toxicity. Therefore, wastewater disposal can be handled by farm remediation. Rhizobacteria can also be used in this stressful environment to alleviate the problem by triggering a plant growthpromoting response (PGPR). The importance of promoting and biocontrol plant growth is based upon its long-term stability, as well as the numerous generated secondary metabolites, besides its ability to remove heavy metal. The current study revealed that PGPR allowed such toxic effects on sewage to encourage and define the characteristics of plant growth through urban environments.

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as an Emerging Tool to Manage Bacterial Rice Pathogens

“…The introduction of the research results for industrial exploitation is not necessarily easy. Several PGPB bioformulations published worldwide demonstrated outstanding biocontrol activities in vitro [ 11 , 227 ]. Often a lack of field results failed to support the applicability of PGPB in commercial fields/greenhouses studies.…”

Effect of different levels of soil salinity on rice seeds blooming, seed thickness and storage level (in the case of Uzbekistan)

“…Productivity could have been higher, but rice is grown in 53.2% saline areas of Asian countries (Australia, Pacific basins, etc. ), 13.4% in Latin America, 12.7% in the Eastern regions of the world, 9.4% in Europe, 8.8% in Africa and 2.5% saline areas in South America [11][12][13].…”

“…Of course, these disadvantages in seed germination had led to a decline in rice yields. It was stated that a 2% solution of FC in strongly saline soils led to a decrease in seed germination rate and root length and mass [3][4]11]. It was not recommended to use this FC drug in non-saline soils.…”

“…The field germination of cereals is 65-85%. The higher the germination energy of the seeds, the higher the laboratory germination, the higher the germination capacity, the higher the field germination of the seeds [10][11]. Large seeds have high field germination.…”