Plant viruses in aqueous environment – Survival, water mediated transmission and detection

Mehle, Nataša; Ravnikar, Maja

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.027

Cited by 72 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Mehle and Ravnikar (2012) thoroughly reviewed the reports and listed 16 plant virus species isolated from different water sources, mainly from Europe, but not from Poland.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of infectious Brome mosaic virus in irrigation ditches and draining strands in Poland

2018

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Environmental waters, e.g. rivers, lakes and irrigation water, are a good source of many plant viruses. The pathogens can infect plants getting through damaged root hairs or small wounds that appear during plant growth. First results demonstrated common incidence of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in water samples collected from irrigation ditches and drainage canals surrounding fields in Southern Greater Poland. Principal objective of this work was to examine if environmental water might be the source of viruses infective to cereals. The investigation was focused on mechanically transmitted pathogens. Virus identification was performed by biological, electron microscopic, serological and molecular methods. Preliminary assays demonstrated Brome mosaic virus (BMV) infections in symptomatic plants inoculated with 9 out of the 17 tested concentrated water samples. The final identification was confirmed by molecular methods for selected isolates named: BMV-Ch1, -DBS, -N, -R and -S. Partial coding sequences of polymerase 1a (RNA1) and 2a (RNA2) and complete nucleotide sequence of coat protein (CP) gene (RNA3) of each BMV isolate were determined and compared with corresponding sequences of other known BMV isolates.Results confirmed the highest amino acid sequence homology in the fragment of polymerase 2a (99.2% -100%) and the most divergence in CP (96.2% -100%). This is the first report on the detection of an infective cereal virus in aqueous environment.

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“…Mehle and Ravnikar (2012) thoroughly reviewed the reports and listed 16 plant virus species isolated from different water sources, mainly from Europe, but not from Poland.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of infectious Brome mosaic virus in irrigation ditches and draining strands in Poland

2018

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“…As with fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and nematodes, the presence of several plant viruses in water has also been confirmed. The possible sources of plant viruses in water and the virus survival, and the possibility of plant infection with waterborne viruses, coupled with prevention measures for virus spread, have been reviewed recently (2). The list of plant viruses that have been found in water is significantly increasing, particularly following the advent of next-generation sequencing approaches (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This is mainly because the required studies would be long and complex (2). However, this knowledge is necessary for the effective prevention of the spread of diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Survival and Transmission of Potato Virus Y, Pepino Mosaic Virus, and Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid in Water

Mehle

Gutiérrez-Aguirre

Prezelj

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Hydroponic systems and intensive irrigation are used widely in horticulture and thus have the potential for rapid spread of water-transmissible plant pathogens. Numerous plant viruses have been reported to occur in aqueous environments, although information on their survival and transmission is minimal, due mainly to the lack of effective detection methods and to the complexity of the required transmission experiments. We have assessed the role of water as a source of plant infection using three mechanically transmissible plant pathogens that constitute a serious threat to tomato and potato production: pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), potato virus Y (PVY), and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). PepMV remains infectious in water at 20 ؎ 4°C for up to 3 weeks, PVY (NTN strain) for up to 1 week, and PSTVd for up to 7 weeks. Experiments using a hydroponic system show that PepMV (Ch2 genotype) and PVY (NTN strain) can be released from plant roots into the nutrient solution and can infect healthy plants through their roots, ultimately spreading to the green parts, where they can be detected after a few months. In addition, tubers developed on plants grown in substrate watered with PSTVd-infested water were confirmed to be the source of viroid infection. Our data indicate that although well-known pathways of virus spread are more rapid than water-mediated infection, like insect or mechanical transmission through leaves, water is a route that provides a significant bridge for rapid virus/ viroid spread. Consequently, water should be taken into account in future epidemiology and risk assessment studies.

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“…Viruses may be protected from environmental adverse effects when they are inside structures such as fungal spores or seeds [46]. Likewise, amoebas have been shown to carry viruses such as adenovirus, mimivirus [47], murine norovirus, and others [48].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Virus Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Viruses in Water

Pinon

Vialette²

2018

Intervirology

141

111

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Water, a frequent vehicle for the transmission of viruses, may permit their survival, but many environmental factors will have an adverse effect on the viral population. Risk evaluation requires identification of these factors and assessment of the inactivation rate of infectious viruses. A higher temperature means a faster reduction of the viral population, as do increased sunlight, higher antimicrobial concentration, or higher oxygen levels. Another documented impact is linked to the presence of indigenous microbial populations: virus survival is higher in sterile water. Environmental factors inactivate viruses through direct or indirect action on one part of the viral structure: genome, capsid, or envelope if present. Viral populations also have resistance mechanisms, generally involving physical shielding from adverse effects; such protective behaviors include aggregation, adhesion, or internalization inside living structures. Because of these phenomena, inactivation kinetics may deviate from traditional log-linear shapes. It is therefore important to account for all factors that may impact on survival, to carefully design experiments to ensure sufficient data, and to select the right modelling approach. Comparison between studies is difficult. It is suggested that laboratory studies include standard conditions of water, and analyze the impact of different factors as precisely as possible. Larger studies in natural environments, though more difficult, are also much needed.

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Plant viruses in aqueous environment – Survival, water mediated transmission and detection

Cited by 72 publications

References 110 publications

Detection of infectious Brome mosaic virus in irrigation ditches and draining strands in Poland

Detection of infectious Brome mosaic virus in irrigation ditches and draining strands in Poland

Survival and Transmission of Potato Virus Y, Pepino Mosaic Virus, and Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid in Water

Survival of Viruses in Water

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