Plaque Forming Cells: Methodology and Theory

Jerne, Niels K.; Henry, Claudia; Nordin, Albert A.; Fuji, Hiroshi; Koros, Aurelia M. C.; Lefkovits, Ivan

doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb01588.x

Cited by 168 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Rabbit anti-PAPase was prepared by C. Lee ofthis institute (14). For the preparation of anti-mouse gamma globulin antibodies, a rabbit was immunized intramuscularly in multiple sites with 1 mg of MIgG in 1 ml of 50% complete Freund's adjuvant and was given a booster injection 1 The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be herebv marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Erythrocytes to which protein, polysaccharide, or hapten antigens are attached have been used extensively as target cells to detect antibody in the serum and to quantitate antibodyforming cells and antigen-binding cells at the single-cell level (1). Such erythrocytes have been particularly useful as target cells in a rapid and sensitive technique for screening numerous samples of hybridoma cell culture fluids for anti-hapten antibody production (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Coupling of protein antigens to erythrocytes through disulfide bond formation: preparation of stable and sensitive target cells for immune hemolysis.

Jou¹,

Bankert²

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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An efficient technique has been developed for coupling protein antigens to erythrocyte membranes. The procedure involves three steps. First, 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl residues are introduced into the protein by reaction with a heterobifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate. Second, the addition of disulfide groups to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) is achieved by coupling dithiodiglycolic acid to SRBC with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. The MATERIALS AND METHODSReagents. N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridvldithio)propionate (SPDP) was purchased from Pharmacia. Dithiodiglycolic acid (DTDG), dithiothreitol, and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) were obtained from Aldrich. Guinea pig serum, used as a source of complement, was obtained from GIBCO.Borate-Buffered Saline. The borate-buffered saline was prepared by diluting a borate buffer (11) (0.167 M H3B03/0. 134 M NaCl/0.022 M NaOH) 1:12 in 0.147 M NaCl, followed by adding 1 M HC1 to pH 6 or 7.Antigens. Bovine serum albumin (fraction V powder) and human gamma globulin (fraction II) were purchased from ICN. Bovine gamma globulin (fraction II) was obtained from Sigma. Hy was prepared by B. L. Hylander and R. G. Summers (12) as described (13). PAPase was prepared by C. Lee (14). MIgG with anti-phthalate specificity was prepared as described (15).Antisera. Rabbit antisera to bovine serum albumin and bovine and human gamma globulin were prepared by injecting each of three rabbits intravenously three times at successive 1-wk intervals with 10-mg portions of antigen in 1-ml of boratebuffered saline. The animals were bled 2 wk after the final injection, and the sera were processed and stored at -200C. Rabbit anti-Hy was prepared by B. L. Hylander and R. G. Summers (12). Rabbit anti-PAPase was prepared by C. Lee ofthis institute (14). For the preparation of anti-mouse gamma globulin antibodies, a rabbit was immunized intramuscularly in multiple sites with 1 mg of MIgG in 1 ml of 50% complete Freund's adjuvant and was given a booster injection 1 mo later. The animal Abbreviations: PDTP, 3-(2-pyridvldithio)propionyl group; SPDP, Nsuccinimidyl 3-(2-pyridvldithio)propionate; DTDG, dithiodiglycolic acid; SRBC, sheep erythrocytes; EDCI, The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be herebv marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of protein antigens to erythrocytes through disulfide bond formation: preparation of stable and sensitive target cells for immune hemolysis.

Jou¹,

Bankert²

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Among them the network model introduced by Jerne (1974) is one of the most popular models for physicists and has developed into many variants (Perelson and Weisbuch 1997). In these models the adaptive immune system is described as a dynamical network which evolves according as experienced attacks by antigens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scale-free dynamics of somatic adaptability in immune system

Saito

Narikiyo

2011

Biosystems

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The long-time dynamics of somatic adaptability in immune system is simulated by a simple physical model. The immune system described by the model exhibits a scale free behavior as is observed in living systems. The balance between the positive and negative feedbacks of the model leads to a robust immune system where the positive one corresponds to the formation of memory cells and the negative one to immunosuppression.Also the immunosenescence of the system is discussed based on the time-dependence of the epigenetic landscape of the adaptive immune cells in the shape space.

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“…It is generally believed that development from ambiguous to specific recognition is caused by somatic hypermutations [3]. We here propose a new dynamics of specificity evolutions based on Jerne's network hypothesis [4]. Our model is characterized by a meta-dynamics of idiotype specificity on shape-space [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Multispecificity in an Immune Network

Harada

Ikegami

1999

Advances in Artificial Life

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Divergence in antigen response of the immune network is discussed, based on shape-space modelling. The present model extends the shapespace model by introducing the evolution of specificity of idiotypes. When the amount of external antigen increases, stability of the immune network changes and the network responds to the antigen. It is shown that specific and non-specific responses emerge as a function of antigen levels. A specific response is observed with a fixed point attractor, and a nonspecific response is observed with a long-lived chaotic transient state of the lymphocyte population dynamics. The network topology also changes between these two states. The relevance of such a long-lived transient state is discussed with respect to immune function.

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Plaque Forming Cells: Methodology and Theory

Cited by 168 publications

References 114 publications

Coupling of protein antigens to erythrocytes through disulfide bond formation: preparation of stable and sensitive target cells for immune hemolysis.

Coupling of protein antigens to erythrocytes through disulfide bond formation: preparation of stable and sensitive target cells for immune hemolysis.

Scale-free dynamics of somatic adaptability in immune system

Evolution of Multispecificity in an Immune Network

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