Plasma leptin concentrations in Pima Indians living in drastically different environments.

Fox, Caroline S.; Esparza, Julián; Nicolson, Margery; Bennett, Peter H.; Schulz, Leslie O.; Valencia, Mauro E.; Ravussin, Éric

doi:10.2337/diacare.22.3.413

Cited by 45 publications

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“…Interestingly, our results show that fasting plasma leptin concentrations fell during MUFA-rich periods. Plasma leptin is an important signal for regulation of energy stores and has been associated with improved insulin action (32,33), and its concentrations seems to be increased by high-CHO diets (34). However, this finding should be interpreted with caution because elevated leptin concentrations in the context of obesity are generally viewed as evidence for leptin resistance and insulin resistance (35).…”

Section: Effects Of Macronutrient Diet Composition On Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 71%

Monounsaturated Fat–Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE -Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance through factors that are not fully understood. We studied the effects of three different isocaloric diets on body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and peripheral adiponectin gene expression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Eleven volunteers, offspring of obese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal fat deposition, were studied. These subjects were considered insulin resistant as indicated by Matsuda index values Ͻ4 after an oral glucose tolerance test, and they maintained A1C Ͻ6.5% without therapeutic intervention. All subjects underwent three dietary periods of 28 days each in a crossover design: 1) diet enriched in saturated fat (SAT), 2) diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (Mediterranean diet), and 3) diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs).RESULTS -Weight, body composition, and resting energy expenditure remained unchanged during the three sequential dietary periods. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry we observed that when patients were fed a CHO-enriched diet, their fat mass was redistributed toward the abdominal depot, whereas periphery fat accumulation decreased compared with isocaloric MUFA-rich and high-SAT diets (ANOVA P Ͻ 0.05). Changes in fat deposition were associated with decreased postprandial mRNA adiponectin levels in peripheral adipose tissue and lower insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test in patients fed a CHO-rich diet compared with a MUFA-rich diet (ANOVA P Ͻ 0.05).CONCLUSIONS -An isocaloric MUFA-rich diet prevents central fat redistribution and the postprandial decrease in peripheral adiponectin gene expression and insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes Care 30:1717-1723, 2007A positive energy balance, which leads to obesity, is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. According to our studies in rodents, adipose tissue expandability seems to be a key determinant linking obesity and its associated complications (1,2). Expansion of the intra-abdominal depot has been associated with increased insulin resistance, as well as with an increased incidence of fatty liver and ␤-cell failure (3,4).The factors that regulate body fat distribution are not well understood. We hypothesize that the specific macronutrient composition of the diet may be an important environmental factor that controls nutrient partitioning to specific adipose tissue depots (5). It is now well established that adipose tissue is not simply an energy storage organ but is, in fact, the "largest" endocrine gland controlling energy homeostasis (6). It is conceivable that specific diet composition may directly influence the molecular events that govern gene expression in adipocytes (7), adipokine production, and adipocyte lipid and glucose metabolism (8).Adiponectin adipocyte-secreted adipokine plays an important role in modulating insulin sensitivity and concentrations of circulating plasma glucose and noneste...

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Section: Effects Of Macronutrient Diet Composition On Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 71%

Monounsaturated Fat–Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

et al. 2007

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“…A number of epidemiological studies examined serum leptin concentration in diabetic and non-diabetic subject. For example, among US Pima Indians, subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes had lower leptin concentrations than non-diabetic subjects, independently of percentage body fat (Fox et al, 1999). Even if it has been discussed previously that insulin resistance associated with GMD results in increased leptin secretion , Utriainen et al, 1996, the prognosis of GMD patients in respect to type 2 diabetes still remains unclear.…”

Section: Resul Resul Resul Resul Results T T T Ts S S S S Borderline Smentioning

confidence: 96%

Association of leptin genetic polymorphism -2548 G/A with gestational diabetes mellitus

et al. 2006

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“…An increase in energy efficiency mediated by low leptin prolongs longevity in Lep ob/ϩ mice (60). Studies have suggested that low leptin may precede adiposity in primates and some indigenous human populations, but these results have not been confirmed by others (62)(63)(64)(65)(66).…”

Section: Role Of Leptin In Famine and Feastmentioning

confidence: 96%

Brain Adipocytokine Action and Metabolic Regulation

et al. 2006

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Adipose tissue secretes factors that control various physiological systems. The fall in leptin during fasting mediates hyperphagia and suppresses thermogenesis, thyroid and reproductive hormones, and immune system. On the other hand, rising leptin levels in the fed state stimulate fatty acid oxidation, decrease appetite, and limit weight gain. These divergent effects of leptin occur through neuronal circuits in the hypothalamus and other brain areas. Leptin also regulates the activities of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, e.g., AMP-activated protein kinase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and also interacts with insulin signaling in the brain. Adiponectin enhances fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, in part by stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and activity in liver and muscle. Moreover, adiponectin decreases body fat by increasing energy expenditure and lipid catabolism. These effects involve peripheral and possibly central mechanisms. Adipose tissue mediates interconversion of steroid hormones and secretes proinflammatory cytokines, vasoactive peptides, and coagulation and complement proteins. Understanding the actions of these "adipocytokines" will provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and related diseases. Diabetes 55 (Suppl. 2): S145-S154, 2006 ADIPOSE TISSUE

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Plasma leptin concentrations in Pima Indians living in drastically different environments.

Abstract: These results suggest that independent of body composition, leptin concentration may be increased by environmental factors, such as a high-carbohydrate diet and a high level of physical activity.

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Monounsaturated Fat–Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

Monounsaturated Fat–Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

Association of leptin genetic polymorphism -2548 G/A with gestational diabetes mellitus

Brain Adipocytokine Action and Metabolic Regulation

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