Plasma Modified Wo3 Hybrids With Altered Donor Groups for Flexible Electrochromic Applications

Abstract

This study reports on the preparation of hybrids of tungsten trioxide/polythiophene (WO3/PTh) and tungsten trioxide/polyfuran (WO3/PFu) using a rotating capacitively-coupled radio frequency (rf) plasma process. The prepared hybrid characteristics were measured using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Xray diffraction analysis (XRD). WO3, WO3/PTh, and WO3/PFu thin films were deposited onto flexible substrates using an electron beam evaporation technique for high electrochromic performance purposes. The effect of thiophene and furan moieties on the optical and electrochromic properties of flexible hybrid-based ECDs was investigated using optical and electrochemical measurements. The WO3/PTh-based ECD, in particular, showed marked improvements in cathodic electrochromism over WO3-based ECD: an optical contrast of 33% at 750 nm, faster switching times (bleaching time: 1.63 s, coloration time: 0.41 s), and a coloration efficiency of 502 cm 2 /C.

Electrochromic Smart Window Based on Transition-Metal Phthalocyanine Derivatives

“…According to the formula above, the color efficiencies of 4- tert -butyl Zn(II) Pc and 4- tert -butyl Co(II) Pc were 369.90 and 247.12 cm 2 /C, which is much higher than the other metal–organic and inorganic EC materials. (Polythiophene: 116.2 cm 2 /C; nickel molybdate: 86.2 cm 2 /C; PANI: 26.42 cm 2 /C; polyimide: 177 cm 2 /C). − …”

A Machine Learning Approach for Metal Oxide Based Polymer Composites as Charge Selective Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…These composites were prepared using single-step radio frequency (rf) rotating plasma method. [30][31][32] 4.1. Perovskite Solar cells fabrication Materials: The perovskite precursors were purchased from Dyesol except PbI2 and CsI2 procured from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI) and were employed as such.…”

“…Machine learning (ML) model was developed for PSCs fabricated with WO 3 and its composites (WO 3 ‐PANI, WO 3 ‐PMANI, WO 3 ‐PFANI, WO 3 ‐PTh, WO 3 ‐PFu, WO 3 ‐PEDOT) as charge selective layers. These composites were prepared using single‐step radio frequency (rf) rotating plasma method [30–32] …”

“…The composites prepared through rf rotating modification are advantageous due to solvent-free, nontoxic, and wellcontrolled deposition. [9,[30][31][32] The fabricated PSCs architect and energy level diagram using WO 3 as charge selective layer is shown (Figure 1a & b). Four different machine learning algorithms were used to build the models for UV-Vis spectra, J-V and external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra prediction.…”

“…A library of composites including tungsten trioxide‐polyaniline (WO 3 ‐PANI), tungsten trioxide‐poly( N ‐methylaniline) (WO 3 ‐PMANI), tungsten trioxide‐poly(2‐fluoroaniline) (WO 3 ‐PFANI), tungsten trioxide‐polythiophene (WO 3 ‐PTh), tungsten trioxide‐polyfuran (WO 3 ‐PFu), tungsten trioxide‐poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (WO 3 ‐PEDOT) were prepared using a rotating capacitively‐coupled rf plasma process. The composites prepared through rf rotating modification are advantageous due to solvent‐free, nontoxic, and well‐controlled deposition [9,30–32] . The fabricated PSCs architect and energy level diagram using WO 3 as charge selective layer is shown (Figure 1a & b).…”