Plasma N2-fixation: 1900–2014

Patil, BS Bhaskar; Wang, Q Qi; Hessel, Volker; Lang, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.005

Cited by 300 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Hence, it is essential to gain a clear insight into the possible reaction pathways under plasma environment. There has been some work carried out on ammonia synthesis using plasma catalysis . Over the years, energy yields have been as high as 35 g‐NH 3 /kWh while using a pulsed AC atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, showing the potential of small‐scale production of ammonia using plasma‐catalysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been some work carried out on ammonia synthesis using plasma catalysis. [16][17][18] Over the years, energy yields have been as high as 35 g-NH 3 /kWh while using a pulsed AC atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, [19] showing the potential of small-scale production of ammonia using plasma-catalysis. Recently, Peng et al [20] employed a pulsed DBD reactor with MgCl 2 acting as catalyst and absorbent, leading to enhanced conversions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancement of the Yield of Ammonia by Hydrogen‐Sink Effect during Plasma Catalysis

et al. 2019

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Plasma‐catalytic ammonia synthesis has been known since the early 1900s, but only until now efforts to optimize catalysts for this purpose are emerging. Here, we investigate various transition metals, low‐melting‐point metals, and gallium‐rich alloy catalysts for their activity towards ammonia production under a plasma environment. The best three pure metal catalysts were Ni, Sn and Au, which are not traditional catalysts for the current industrial ammonia synthesis. The ammonia yields for these catalysts were 34 %, 29 %, and 19 %, respectively. Synergistic effects were detected when employing alloys, as some alloys presented ∼25–50 % higher yields than their constituent metals. The employed metals were classified into two categories. Category I metals (Cu, Ag, Au and Fe), which are nitrophobic (excluding Fe, the Haber‐Bosch catalyst) and poor hydrogen sinks. For these metals, the measured concentration of Hα in the gas phase tended to correlate inversely with ammonia yield and directly with the H binding strength on the catalyst surface. Category II metals (Ga, In, Sn and Ni), which are good hydrogen sinks, tend to have a lower concentration of Hα in the gas phase than that of category I metals, which is consistent with their expected sink behavior. For these metals, the concentration of Hα correlates with ammonia yield. Plasma characterization experiments and DFT calculations suggest that the higher performance of Ni and Sn is related to the benefit of dissolving hydrogen to slow down H recombination, which is a feature that could be potentially optimized in future studies by rationally altering the catalyst composition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of the Yield of Ammonia by Hydrogen‐Sink Effect during Plasma Catalysis

et al. 2019

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“…First, the breakdown of nitrogen gas, at hermodynamically stable and kinetically inert molecule, is extremelyc hallenging under atmosphericc onditions. Although the reactor designs and catalysts elections for the general plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation processes [14,21] and NH 3 synthesis [22,23] have already been summarized, the underlying synergistic mechanismso fN TPNF have not been reviewed. Additionally,t he vibrational excitation of dinitrogen molecules can decrease the activation barrier under high temperature-high pressure conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Non‐Thermal Plasma‐Assisted Nitrogen Fixation—Synergistic Catalysis

et al. 2019

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In this Minireview, the multiple chemical synergies present in catalytic non‐thermal plasma‐assisted nitrogen fixation (NTPNF) are uncovered through a critical exploration of the underlying mechanisms, during which the catalyst, plasma, and reactants play different roles. For the gas‐phase NTPNF, the synergies consist of different aspects of the catalytic pathways such as electron‐impact dissociation; Zeldovich mechanism in the PNO interactions; and Eley–Rideal, Langmuir–Hinshelwood, surface adsorption, and diffusion mechanisms for the plasma–catalyst interactions. The synergies within the gas–liquid NTPNF involve contributions of plasma and UV excitation to the gas‐phase reactions and the UV excitation of molecules at the liquid–surface interface, which improves synthesis of aqueous nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium products. Based on the various synergistic mechanisms during NTPNF, future potential applications are proposed for how NTPNF could benefit the sustainable nitrogen fixation industry.

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“…1 Nitrogen fertilizer, a much needed nutrient for growing crops, is made from ammonia produced by the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process. 2 Nitrogen fixation via the traditional Haber-Bosch method represents an energy-intensive and environmental-destructive process, and ammonia has been identified as one of the 18 chemical compounds contributing to 75% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 3 To reduce negative environment footprints by the traditional Haber-Bosch process, the fertilizer industry has been long looking for alternative options of producing ammonia as nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture application.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Fixation in Water Using Air Phase Gliding Arc Plasma

Yang

Chen

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Treatment of irrigation water using plasma involves a series of electrochemical reactions that forms NO x − in water working as a fertilizer in plant cultivation. Here we report the results of an experimental study of the effects of different discharge conditions especially discharge frequency on air phase gliding arc discharge. The results show that, the low-frequency system consumed nearly three times more energy than the high-frequency system when generating the same NO x − production rate in water; gas flow rate has strong influence on the low-frequency system while slight influence on the high-frequency system; high-frequency discharge can generate much larger plasma area to promote electrochemical reactions resulting more NO x − produced in water. Frequency from 5 kHz to 80 kHz does not significantly influence on the nitrogen fixation of gliding arc. Nitrogen is an essential element in chlorophyll, DNA, RNA, and amino acids of plants.1 Nitrogen fertilizer, a much needed nutrient for growing crops, is made from ammonia produced by the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process.2 Nitrogen fixation via the traditional Haber-Bosch method represents an energy-intensive and environmental-destructive process, and ammonia has been identified as one of the 18 chemical compounds contributing to 75% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.3 To reduce negative environment footprints by the traditional Haber-Bosch process, the fertilizer industry has been long looking for alternative options of producing ammonia as nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture application. Industrial plasma processing is one novel method demonstrating a great potential to be developed as an alternative technique for nitrogen fixation. 4 In more recent years, generation of nitrogen in aqueous solution has been demonstrated with various discharges, including spark, gliding arc, glow, corona, and dielectric barrier discharge.5-10 Oxygen nitrogen water mixture used in irrigation significantly influences plant growth phase working as a fertilizer in plant cultivation. Takaki et al. applied a magnetic pulse power generator with 250 pps repetition rate as the power supply and found the growth rate of Chinese cabbage increased significantly by treating drainage water with underwater discharge.5 Alex Lindsay et al. developed a unique low-voltage largevolume glow discharge with 162 MHz frequency power supply. The method was capable of generating plasma activated water, demonstrating statistically significant positive effects on plant height, sprouts per pot, leaf span and shoot mass on the growth of radishes, marigolds, and tomatoes.7 Park et al. compared three discharge methods: submerged spark discharge at an average frequency of 5 Hz; transferred gliding arc discharge and gliding arc plasmatron powered with DC supply. Their results showed that most plants grew better with the non-thermal gliding arc plasmatron discharge than submerged spark discharge and transferred gliding arc discharge.11 However, considering limited pressure and power levels, conventional glow...

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Plasma N2-fixation: 1900–2014

Cited by 300 publications

References 53 publications

Enhancement of the Yield of Ammonia by Hydrogen‐Sink Effect during Plasma Catalysis

Enhancement of the Yield of Ammonia by Hydrogen‐Sink Effect during Plasma Catalysis

Sustainable Non‐Thermal Plasma‐Assisted Nitrogen Fixation—Synergistic Catalysis

Nitrogen Fixation in Water Using Air Phase Gliding Arc Plasma

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