Plasmodium gallinaceum: Erythrocyte factor essential for zygote infection of Aedes aegypti

Rosenberg, Ronald; Lc, Koontz; Alston, Kenneth; Friedman, Fred K.

doi:10.1016/0014-4894(84)90075-4

Cited by 40 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Apart from gametocyte density only PCV had an association with the outcome of transmission. This has been shown previously with P. gallinaceum ( Rosenberg et al . 1984 ) and probably reflects the requirement of protein for parasite development ( Hurd et al .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes

Drakeley

Secka

Correa

et al. 1999

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryWe investigated the relationship between selected host haematological and parasitological parameters and the density and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. 143 individuals (age range 1-62 years) attending an outpatient clinic in Farafenni, The Gambia, who had peripheral blood gametocytaemia were recruited (mean gametocyte density 123.7/l, range 5-17,000/l). Of the parameters measured, packed cell volume (PCV), reticulocyte count (RetC) and lymphocyte count (LyC) were significantly associated with gametocyte density (r ϭ Ϫ 0.17, P Ͻ 0.05; r ϭ 0.21, P Ͻ 0.01; r ϭ 0.18, P Ͻ 0.05, respectively). Data from membrane feeding experiments in which 15 or more mosquitoes were dissected showed that 60.7% (53/87) of gametocyte carriers infected one or more mosquitoes. Gametocyte density was strongly correlated with transmission success (TS) (r ϭ 0.3, P Ͻ 0.005) and, in successful infections, with both mosquito prevalence (MP) (r ϭ 0.36, P Ͻ 0.005) and mean oocyst burden (MOB) (r ϭ 0.65, P Ͻ 0.0001). None of the other factors measured were significantly associated with any of these indices in bivariate analysis. Regression modelling showed that both gametocyte density and PCV were positively associated with gametocyte carrier infectivity to mosquitoes (LR 2 ϭ 100.7 and 47.2, respectively) and, in successful infections, with MOB (␤ ϭ 0.16, t ϭ 4.9, P Ͻ 0.001; ␤ ϭ 0.02, t ϭ 2.3, P Ͻ 0.05, respectively). The positive association with PCV suggests that blood meal quality influences infection probably as a nutritional requirement, however, as this effect was most apparent at high gametocyte densities, its epidemiological significance is questionable. Though the haematological parameters associated with gametocyte density are a direct consequence of asexual infection, they may also represent an adaptive mechanism for optimization of sexual stage development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes

Drakeley

Secka

Correa

et al. 1999

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…As the OOC2 densities were relatively low, P. falciparum has grown in optimal conditions. In fact no competition for available nutrients among parasites in the mosquito midgut was found (Rosemberg & Koontz 1984;Ponnudurai et al 1989). Despite the possibility of underestimation due to sample preparation for microscopy, we noted fluorescent tracks which could be the traces of antigenic coat left by the ookinete while migrating toward the basal membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

Gouagna

Mulder

Noubissi

et al. 1998

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThis study investigated the successive losses in the parasite densities of Plasmodium falciparum stages during the early sporogony in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae infected by membrane feeding with blood from naturally infected gametocyte carriers (Ͼ50 gametocytes/mm 3 ). The developmental stages of P. falciparum in the mosquito were studied from zygote to oocyst, by immunofluorescent method using monoclonal antibodies against the Pfs25 protein present on the surface of newly formed gametes. This method allows for assessment of the various sporogonic stages before, during and after passage of the midgut wall. Parasite densities were determined within the entire blood meal at 3 h (zygotes and macrogametes) and 24 h (ookinetes) post-infection. At 48 h after the mosquito blood meal, midguts were checked for the presence of early oocysts. For the mid-size oocysts count, classic microscopy examination was used at day 7 postinfection. The parasite efficacy was estimated by following successive losses in parasite densities between different early stages of the sporogonic cycle in A. gambiae. Thirty-seven experimental infections were realized with high gametocyte densities, ranging from 64 to 2392 gametocytes/mm 3 . All gametocyte carriers showed infection with round forms 100%; ookinetes were found in 91.9%. The prevalences of infections with oocysts were 48.6% at day 2 (young oocyst) and 37.8% at day 7 (mid-size oocyst). The mean densities per mosquito for each parasite stage were 12.6 round forms, 5.5 ookinetes, 1.8 young oocyst and 2 mid-size oocysts. Significant correlations were found between two consecutive parasite stages (round forms/ookinetes, ookinetes/young oocysts, young oocysts/mid-size oocysts) and between round forms and mid-size oocysts. The mean parasite density significantly decreased between round forms and ookinetes (yield Y1 ϭ 41.6%) and between ookinetes and young oocysts (Y2 ϭ 61.4%). By contrast, no significant decrease was observed between young oocysts and mid-size oocysts (Y3 ϭ 91.2%). The overall yield of the early sporogonic cycle (from round form to oocyst at day 7) was equal to 25.7%, indicating that almost 3/4 of the total parasites were lost during the early step of the sporogonic cycle, from 3 h post-infection to day 7.

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“…The geometric mean percentage of mosquitoes infected with P. gallinaceum oocysts was greater in the absence (89.3 ± 3.1%, 99% con dence interval (CI)) than in the presence (61.6 ± 13.4%, 99% CI) of P. juxtanucleare (x 2 1 = 9.3, p , 0.01; n = 30 dissected mosquitoes for each of the three replicates). Second, because blood quality can affect ookinete invasion ability (Rosenberg et al 1984;Vinetz et al 2000), we examined the direct effect of P. juxtanucleare-infected RBCs on P. gallinaceum ookinete invasion success. There was no difference in the geometric mean percentage of mosquitoes infected following inges- Figure 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(ii) Vertebrate host blood quality Blood quality is known to in uence the reproductive success of P. gallinaceum independently of immune factors (Rosenberg et al 1984). This experiment aimed to assess the effect of P. juxtanucleare on P. gallinaceum transmission success to mosquitoes via its effect on host blood quality.…”

Section: (C) Ex Vivo Infection Studies (I) Removal Of Vertebrate Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific competition during transmission of two sympatric malaria parasite species to the mosquito vector

Paul

Krettli

et al. 2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The role of species interactions in structuring parasite communities remains controversial. Here, we show that interspeci c competition between two avian malaria parasite species, Plasmodium gallinaceum and P. juxtanucleare, occurs as a result of interference during parasite fertilization within the bloodmeal of the mosquito. The signi cant reduction in the transmission success of P. gallinaceum to mosquitoes, due to the co-infecting P. juxtanucleare, is predicted to have compromised its colonization of regions occupied by P. juxtanucleare and, thus, may have contributed to the restricted global distribution of P. gallinaceum. Such interspecies interactions may occur between human malaria parasites and, thus, impact upon parasite species epidemiology, especially in regions of seasonal transmission.

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Plasmodium gallinaceum: Erythrocyte factor essential for zygote infection of Aedes aegypti

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes

Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

Interspecific competition during transmission of two sympatric malaria parasite species to the mosquito vector

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