Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-Related Malaria Parasite: Genetic Variability of Duffy Binding Protein II and the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines

Costa, Daniela Camargos; Assis, Gabriela Maíra Pereira de; Silva, Flávia Alessandra de Souza; Araújo, Flávia Carolina Faustino de; Souza, Júlio César de; Hirano, Zelinda Maria Braga; Kano, Flora Satiko; Sousa, Taís Nóbrega de; Carvalho, Luzia H.; Brito, Cristiana Ferreira Alves de

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131339

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The results of the present study, uncovering a haplotype diversity in a situation of low genetic divergence in Espírito Santo, indicate a heterogeneity of the isolates obtained from different host species, and strengthen the understanding that P. vivax and P. simium are the same species with small genetic variations. What is more, these results corroborate the findings of Costa et al [ 35 ] and Rodrigues et al [ 25 ], whose phylogenetic analyses of samples from different world regions indicated a recent transfer of the parasite from humans to New World simians.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium vivax/simium detected in an endemic region for malaria in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state, Brazil: do mosquitoes, simians and humans harbour the same parasite?

Buery

Rodrigues

Natal

et al. 2017

Malar J

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BackgroundThe transmission of malaria in the extra-Amazonian regions of Brazil, although interrupted in the 1960s, has persisted to the present time in some areas of dense Atlantic Forest, with reports of cases characterized by particular transmission cycles and clinical presentations. Bromeliad-malaria, as it is named, is particularly frequent in the state of Espírito Santo, with Plasmodium vivax being the parasite commonly recognized as the aetiologic agent of human infections. With regard to the spatial and temporal distances between cases reported in this region, the transmission cycle does not fit the traditional malaria cycle. The existence of a zoonosis, with infected simians participating in the epidemiology, is therefore hypothesized. In the present study, transmission of bromeliad-malaria in Espírito Santo is investigated, based on the complete mitochondrial genome of DNA extracted from isolates of Plasmodium species, which had infected humans, a simian from the genus Allouata, and Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium vivax/simium was identified in the samples by both nested PCR and real-time PCR. After amplification, the mitochondrial genome was completely sequenced and compared with a haplotype network which included all sequences of P. vivax/simium mitochondrial genomes sampled from humans and simians from all regions in Brazil.ResultsThe haplotype network indicates that humans and simians from the Atlantic Forest become infected by the same haplotype, but some isolates from humans are not identical to the simian isolate. In addition, the plasmodial DNA extracted from mosquitoes revealed sequences different from those obtained from simians, but similar to two isolates from humans.ConclusionsThese findings strengthen support for the hypothesis that in the Atlantic Forest, and especially in the state with the highest frequency of bromeliad-malaria in Brazil, parasites with similar molecular backgrounds are shared by humans and simians. The recognized identity between P. vivax and P. simium at the species level, the sharing of haplotypes, and the participation of the same vector in transmitting the infection to both host species indicate interspecies transference of the parasites. However, the intensity, frequency and direction of this transfer remain to be clarified.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2080-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium vivax/simium detected in an endemic region for malaria in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state, Brazil: do mosquitoes, simians and humans harbour the same parasite?

Buery

Rodrigues

Natal

et al. 2017

Malar J

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“…Second, though rare, ape-to-human P. vivax transmission has been reported in Central Africa [8]. Finally, P. vivax has been secondarily transmitted from humans to New World monkeys multiple times, yielding a post-Columbian host shift (deemed P. simium ) less than 500 years ago [12,53,54]. These observations suggest that further research into the host promiscuity of P. vivax is warranted.…”

Section: Plasmodium Vivax: a Long Neglected Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites

Scully

Kanjee

Duraisingh

2017

Current Opinion in Microbiology

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Non-human primates harbor diverse species of malaria parasites, including the progenitors of P. falciparum and P. vivax. Cross-species transmission of some malaria parasites—most notably the macaque parasite, P. knowlesi—continues to this day, compelling the scientific community to ask whether these zoonoses could impede malaria control efforts by acting as a source of recurrent human infection. Host-restriction varies considerably among parasite species and is governed by both ecological and molecular variables. In particular, the efficiency of red blood cell invasion constitutes a prominent barrier to zoonotic emergence. Although proteins expressed upon the erythrocyte surface exhibit considerable diversity both within and among hosts, malaria parasites have adapted to this heterogeneity via the expansion of protein families associated with invasion, offering redundant mechanisms of host cell entry. This molecular toolkit may enable some parasites to circumvent host barriers, potentially yielding host shifts upon subsequent adaptation. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular determinants of host-specificity, as well as the mechanisms that malaria parasites use to overcome these restrictions. We review recent studies concerning host tropism in the context of erythrocyte invasion by focusing on three malaria parasites that span the zoonotic spectrum: P. falciparum, P. knowlesi, and P. vivax.

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“…A few Brazilian studies in the literature have demonstrated successful sequencing, generally through using fragments generated from the genes that code the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) or merozoite surface protein (MSP) [ 45 , 60 ]. More recently, other targets have also been used for sequencing malaria parasites from NTPs, such as using Duffy binding protein [ 61 ] and 18S rRNA [ 20 ]. However, more commonly, studies have not included sequencing, even when analyzing large numbers of samples [ 19 , 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Plasmodium spp. in Neotropical primates of Maranhense Amazon in Northeast Brazil

Figueiredo

Santi²,

Manrique

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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In the Brazilian Amazon region, malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae is considered to be a zoonosis because of cross-transfer of the parasite between humans and Neotropical primates. To contribute information on this issue, we investigated occurrences of natural infection with Plasmodium sp. among Neotropical primates in the Maranhense Amazon (Amazon region of the state of Maranhão), in the northeastern region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 161 Neotropical primates of six species that were caught in an environmental reserve (Sítio Aguahy) and from captive primates (CETAS—Wildlife Screening Center, municipality of São Luís), in Maranhão. Plasmodium sp. was diagnosed based on light microscopy, PCR, qPCR and LAMP for amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. Serum samples were also assayed by means of indirect immunofluorescence for IgG antibodies against P. malariae/P. brasilianum, P. falciparum and P. berghei. Parasites were detected through light microscopy on five slides from captive primates (four Sapajus spp. and one Callithrix jacchus). In the molecular tests, 34.16% (55/161) and 29.81% (48/161) of the animals sampled were positive in the qPCR and PCR assays, respectively. In the PCR, 47/48 animals were positive for P. malariae/P. brasilianum; of these, eight were free-living primates and 39 from CETAS, São Luís. One sample showed a band in the genus-specific reaction, but not in the second PCR reaction. Anti-P. malariae/P. brasilianum IgG antibodies were detected in four serum samples from Sapajus spp. in captivity. In this study, circulation of P. malariae/P. brasilianum in Neotropical primates was confirmed, with low levels of parasitemia and low levels of antibodies. The importance of these animals as reservoirs of human malaria in the region studied is still unknown. This scenario has an impact on control and elimination of malaria in this region.

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Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-Related Malaria Parasite: Genetic Variability of Duffy Binding Protein II and the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium vivax/simium detected in an endemic region for malaria in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state, Brazil: do mosquitoes, simians and humans harbour the same parasite?

Mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium vivax/simium detected in an endemic region for malaria in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state, Brazil: do mosquitoes, simians and humans harbour the same parasite?

Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites

Identification of Plasmodium spp. in Neotropical primates of Maranhense Amazon in Northeast Brazil

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