2022
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19594-0
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Plasticizers: negative impacts on the thyroid hormone system

Abstract: This review aims to understand the impacts of plasticizers on the thyroid system of animals and humans. The thyroid gland is one of the earliest endocrine glands that appear during embryogenesis. The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones (TH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) that are important in the regulation of body homeostasis. TH plays critical roles in regulating different physiological functions, including metabolism, cell growth, circadian rhythm, and nervous system development. Alterati… Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Thyroid hormones (THs) encompass 3,3 ′ ,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) [20]. While circulating T4 is exclusively synthesized and released by the thyroid gland, approximately 20% of circulating T3 originates from the thyroid gland, with the remaining 80% resulting from the deiodination of T4 in the peripheral tissues, via deiodinase (DIO) enzymes [21]. These enzymes-namely DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3-play a crucial role in modulating circulating and intracellular THs concentrations.…”
Section: Thyroid Hormones Physiologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thyroid hormones (THs) encompass 3,3 ′ ,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) [20]. While circulating T4 is exclusively synthesized and released by the thyroid gland, approximately 20% of circulating T3 originates from the thyroid gland, with the remaining 80% resulting from the deiodination of T4 in the peripheral tissues, via deiodinase (DIO) enzymes [21]. These enzymes-namely DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3-play a crucial role in modulating circulating and intracellular THs concentrations.…”
Section: Thyroid Hormones Physiologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It situates near the base of the neck, at the front of the trachea, and below the Adam's apple [2]. Both tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are produced and stored by the thyroid gland [3]. These hormones are responsible for the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism [4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…First, young children and new‐borns are particularly susceptible to the potentially detrimental effects of chemicals that may be included in conventional packaging materials. For instance, phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are two chemicals that are frequently present in plastic packaging which can have harmful impacts on health and hormonal development (Bereketoglu & Pradhan, 2022; Ercan & Tarcin, 2022; Hahladakis et al, 2023). The risk of exposure to these dangerous compounds can be decreased by using environmentally friendly packaging materials, such as biodegradable plastics and bio‐based materials.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%