Plastics Flammability Handbook

Troitzsch, Jürgen; Antonatus, Edith

doi:10.3139/9781569907634

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The main drawback of using polymeric-based composites is the high content of hydrocarbon in the resin, therefore, the risk of a fire occurring is high. According to the investigations that were followed in [ 4 ], the combustion process of polymeric materials can be divided into five phases: the heating of the sample, the decomposition and emission of flammable and non-flammable gases, the ignition and smouldering of the combustible gases, the flame spread (fire development), and its extinction. In order to counter this phenomenon, many kinds of flame-retardant (FR) compounds have been applied to improve the flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, new-generation flame-retardants, such as nanoparticles, expandable graphite, and bio-based [ 5 ] flame-retardants are also now being used. Halogenated additives [ 4 , 6 ], despite their great effectiveness, are being restricted by new environmental directives such as REACH, WEEE, and RoHS due to their harmful effects on humans and the environment. Currently, the most effective alternative to halogenated additives are compounds based on phosphorus and nitrogen and inorganic compounds, such as ATH and magnesium hydroxide fillers, which act both as flame-retardants and smoke suppressants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

et al. 2023

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One of the main advantages of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is the ability to reduce their weight while they exhibit exceptional properties such as high strength, stiffness, and resistance to corrosion, and reduction in their lifetime maintenance when they are compared to the metallic components. These features led fiber-reinforced polymer composites to have applications in the mechanical, construction, aerospace, automotive, medical, marine, and other manufacturing industries. However, the use of this type of material is not possible in all of these applications since, in certain sectors, the fire resistance property that the material must present is one of the key factors. For this reason, a thermosetting resin composed of ultraviolet (UV)-curable acrylic monomers has been used as a matrix, where transparent aluminum trihydrate (ATH) flame-retardant fillers were incorporated for manufacturing flame-retarded UV-curable composites. The composite parts were produced by using glass fiber-reinforced UV-curable prepregs. An exhaustive study of different types of ATH-based flame-retardant additives and the possible cooperation between them to improve the fire properties of the UV-curable composite was carried out. Additionally, the most suitable additive percentage to meet the railway sector requirements was also evaluated, as well as the evolution in the viscosity of the matrix and its processing capacity during the manufacture of the prepregs at 60 °C. The compatibility between the fillers and the matrix was assessed using a dielectric analysis (DEA). The fire properties of both the matrix and the final composite were established.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

et al. 2023

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“…Since halogenated flame-retardant additives contain elements such as bromine and chloride, they produce toxic gases when heated and are therefore subject to various regulations and restrictions. [9][10][11] The use of halogen-free mineral-based additives is increasing with the aim of sustainability of flame retardants and prevention of toxic gas formation. 12 Mineral-based flame retardants are low-cost, environmentally friendly materials that have no side effects on the environment and living organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of flame retardancy and physical-mechanical properties of mineral-based polyethylene composites

Yücetürk,

Yegane

2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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Mineral-based flame retardants are widely used worldwide as they are both effective and inexpensive solutions. Especially alumina trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) are the first mineral additives that come to mind industrially due to their environmental friendliness and easy availability. In this study, the effectiveness of huntite-hydromagnesite mineral, which is not as widely used as the other two minerals, and its differences from its counterparts were investigated. For this purpose, composites with polyethylene carrier were produced by extruder method using binders at various ratios, and various physical, mechanical, and combustion properties of these samples were investigated. According to the data obtained, the samples containing huntite-hydromagnesite showed UL94 V0 class flame retardant performance with 5% less filler than their counterparts. The same samples showed superior mechanical properties in tensile strength between 23.4% and 70.8% and elongation at break between 60.7% and 73.1%.

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“…The mechanism of flame retardant depends on produce different gases to reduce the oxygen's percentage or cooling the system's temperature [17]. Firstly, CO 2 , NH 3 gases play to reduce the oxygen's percentage which supports the ignition because they are heavier than O 2 , so they it covered the specimen [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Composites from Waste Polypropylene/Eggshell Characterized by High Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties

Younis

El-Wakil

2021

Fibers Polym

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This manuscript aimed to enhance the mechanical, ignition properties of polypropylene (PP). To reduce waste pollution of the environment, recycled waste polypropylene (WPP), and waste chicken eggshell (WCES) were used. WCES was used as a bio-filler to form new WPP composites. The effect of the addition of magnesium hydroxide (MOH) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) on the properties of WPP/WCES composites has been studied. The structure of the composites was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The morphology and the thermal properties of the composites were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal shrinkage %, and thermal analysis (TGA, DTA). The flame retardancy of the composites was assessed using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and flame chamber (UL/94) according to standard test methods. The results indicated that the 10 phr of the WCES enhanced the tensile strength and flexural strength of WPP/WCES composites by 15 and 8 % compared to the neat WPP composite, respectively. In the case of MAP and MOH fillers, the 5 and 10 phr of MOH enhanced the tensile strength and flexural strength of WPP/WCES composites by 8.3, 25, 51.1, and 65.0 % compared to the WPP/WCES composite containing 30 phr of WCES, respectively. The organic matter of WCES is a natural antioxidant for WPP/WCES composites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for a composition containing 30 parts per hundred resin (phr) of WCES is 20.8, slightly greater than that for neat WPP (17.9 %). While the LOI value of WPP composite containing 30 phr of mono-ammonium phosphate is 26 %.

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Plastics Flammability Handbook

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Investigation of flame retardancy and physical-mechanical properties of mineral-based polyethylene composites

New Composites from Waste Polypropylene/Eggshell Characterized by High Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties

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