PLD1 activation mediates Amb a 1-induced Th2-associated cytokine expression via the JNK/ATF-2 pathway in BEAS-2B cells

Toxoplasma gondii GRA7-Targeted ASC and PLD1 Promote Antibacterial Host Defense via PKCα

“…As GRA7 associates with PLD1 but not PLD2 ( Fig 1 and S1 Fig ), we sought to determine whether PLD1 activation by GRA7-III was regulated by phosphorylation events in many cellular processes [ 15 , 28 ]. PLD1 activity is regulated by phosphorylation of Thr147 in the PX domain and Ser561 in the negative regulatory loop region of PLD1 by PKCα [ 15 , 28 ]. We first measured rGRA7-III-induced phosphorylation of PLD1 at Thr147 and Ser561 but not the PKCα non-phosphorylatable mutant (III S135A ) of GRA7 in macrophages.…”

“…PLD1 activity regulates the actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking for secretion and endocytosis, and receptor signaling. With the emerging concept of dynamic cycling of PLD1 inside the cell, some of the varying reports of localization may be due to differential rates and numbers of vesicles cycling in the cell lines used and thus differential regulation of PLD1 localization [ 14 , 15 , 28 ]. MTB preferentially infects alveolar macrophages, although mycobacteria allow only early endosome membrane fusion and induce phagosome arrest by selective Rab GTPase recruitment to avoid fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes [ 29 , 30 ].…”

“…Phospholipase D (PLD), which has two isoforms (PLD1 and PLD2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, to generate the metabolically active phosphatidic acid (PA) [ 14 ]. PLD1 is activated by arf-, ral-, and rho-family GTPases, and protein kinase C (PKC) α, while PLD2 activity is elevated by fatty acids [ 15 ]. Interestingly, MTB, unlike the nonpathogenic M .…”