Pleural disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Abstract

Approximately 2% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals will have a pleural effusion. Parapneumonic effusions or empyema, tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma are the three leading causes. P. carinii infection is frequently responsible for pulmonary infections, but is only occasionally responsible for a pleural effusion. Pleural effusions may also develop from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). There is one relatively rare NHL that is associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma associated virus that produces a lymphoma confined to the body cavity.

Infection of Mesothelial Cells with Human Herpes Virus 8 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients with Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Castleman’s Disease, and Recurrent Pleural Effusions

“…Interestingly, it has been difficult to identify actual Kaposi's spindle cells in the cytologic evaluation of these samples, with only a single case report substantiating their presence via immunohistochemistry (21). Several theories have been popularized as to the etiologies of these effusions: thoracic duct blockage by tumor cells; decreased lymphatic drainage; and finally vascular hyperpermeability caused by the production of vascular endothelial growth factor by the tumor cells (1).…”

A válvula de Heimlich no tratamento do pneumotórax

“…Além disso, as equipes médica e de enfermagem freqüentemente ficam confusas com os sistemas de tubos e frascos; também a limpeza e esterilização dos sistemas consomem tempo, conforme relatos e observações desde a época do próprio Heimlich (1) . Como mencionado na introdução, a incidência das vá-rias etiologias do pneumotórax tem aumentado recentemente e o desconforto dos sistemas de drenagem sob selo d'água acabaram por determinar a necessidade de um processo alternativo que possibilita maior mobilidade dos pacientes (8)(9)(10)(11) . A drenagem sob selo d'água funciona como uma válvula que permite a passagem de fluido ou ar em apenas uma direção.…”

Pulmonary manifestations of human herpesvirus-8 during HIV infection

“…Cytology of pleural fluid and percutaneous pleural biopsy are not helpful. When required, pleuroscopy shows typical red or purplish lesions for diagnosis [47]. In the absence of accessible bronchial lesions, surgical lung biopsy may be necessary.…”