Pneumatic waste collection system - A proposed innovation for Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Campus, India

Abstract

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a challenging issue to be addressed in most of the urban centres in India. Heavy population densities and exponential growth of the cities’ boundaries, due to migration, create kiosks to the cities’ resources such as land and other amenities. In such cities, the unsegregated waste gets generated in huge quantities while the rest are dumped in landfill sites without any specific treatment. Centralised and holistic approaches are missing, as most of the waste-to-energy & waste treatment plants are either getting closed or not working to its fullest efficiency. The strategies for a decentralised collection system, segregation and treatment of waste are not usually standard practices. In spite of the global impacts being pretty visible due to global warming, a massive amount of plastic gets dumped into ocean, which reaches the human beings via food chain and results in the most number of incurable diseases like cancer. Further, it also results in rapid extinction of the indigenous species. Campuses are known as mini-city or autonomous urban centres for knowledge sharing and the development of innovations. The time is here to make the Indian campuses smatter in collecting and treating the waste on their premises. Hence, the pneumatic collection process of the garbage can play an essential role in making the campus, an advanced and a sustainable one. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a compact and a decentralised strategy to manage the waste in various urban centres. Also, a formalised informal sector of waste could be contributing to further recycling and processing of the garbage on the campus. The aim of the current research investigation is to identify various possibilities for making the campus, a smart one, in terms of waste management. Furthermore, the study also intends to find out how the compact, decentralised waste collection methods in urban can manage their solid waste in the limited available space. Making zero-waste campuses is a herculean task and a massive challenge must be dealt with immediately to help the cities achieve long-term sustainability.

A Review of Mechanical Properties and Rockburst Investigation of Transversely Isotropic Rocks by Experimental Technique

“…To investigate the triaxial mechanical properties of TIR, Kumar [46] found that the triaxial compressive strength under different confining pressures shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with an increasing bedding angle, which is consistent with the changing trend of the UCS with the bedding angle (Figure 9a). Singh et al [85] noticed that the variation in strength under different bedding angles increases with the confining pressure according to the data of Kumar [46], and the behavior is observed to be nonlinear, as shown in Figure 9b. For transversely isotropic rocks, this conclusion has been confirmed in the literature [86][87][88][89][90][91][92].…”

“…More experimental studies are needed to further verify this. [50][51][52][53][54], (c) shale [35,52,53,[55][56][57][58], (d) sandstone [53,[59][60][61][62], (e) slate [46,63,64], (f) gneiss [52,65], limestone [53], orthoquartzie [46], travertine [49], and siltstone [59]. [53,[59][60][61][62], (e) slate [46,63,64], (f) gneiss [52,65], limestone [53], orthoquartzie [46], travertine [49], and siltstone [59].…”

“…The relationship between the UCS and bedding angle of TIR: (a) phyllite [1,[46][47][48][49], (b) schist [50][51][52][53][54], (c) shale [35,52,53,[55][56][57][58], (d) sandstone [53,[59][60][61][62], (e) slate [46,63,64], (f) gneiss [52,65], limestone [53], orthoquartzie [46], travertine [49], and siltstone [59].…”

“…Figure 9. (a) Variation in strength with orientation of planes[46], and (b) nonlinear strength characteristic of phyllite[46,85].…”