Pneumococcal Vaccines: Challenges and Prospects

Licciardi, Paul V.; Papadatou, Ioanna

doi:10.3390/vaccines7010025

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The fold change in IgG concentration from baseline to 6 months post vaccination to these clinically significant serotypes was higher following 13vPCV vaccination compared to 23vPPV, with a significant difference for serotype 6A (median, 3.09 compared to 1.3; p = 0.005; Figure 5 B). Both vaccines failed to induce protective responses to serotype 3, consistent with previous findings [ 59 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity

Moscatelli,

Russell,

Henneken

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with hyposplenism, an acquired impairment of spleen function associated with reduced IgM memory B cells and increased susceptibility to serious pneumococcal infection. Little is known about the immune implications of hyposplenism in CD or the optimal pneumococcal vaccination strategy. In this study, the immune effects of hyposplenism in CD, and the accuracy of screening approaches and protective responses induced by two different pneumococcal vaccines were examined. Active and treated CD cohorts, and healthy and surgically splenectomised controls underwent testing for the presence of Howell–Jolly bodies and pitted red cells, spleen ultrasound, and immune assessment of IgM memory B cell frequency and IgM memory B cell responses to T cell-dependent (TD) or T cell-independent (TI) stimulation. Responses following conjugate (TD) and polysaccharide (TI) pneumococcal vaccination were compared using ELISA and opsonophagocytic assays. Although hyposplenism is rare in treated CD (5.1%), functional B cell defects are common (28–61%) and are not detected by current clinical tests. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccination induced superior and sustained protection against clinically relevant serotypes. Clinical practice guidelines in CD should recommend routine pneumococcal vaccination, ideally with a conjugate vaccine, of all patients in lieu of hyposplenism screening.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity

Moscatelli,

Russell,

Henneken

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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“…However, current vaccine provide protection against many, but not all, types of pneumococcal bacteria. The high number of serotypes and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes pose challenges in achieving broad coverage [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review of genomic characteristics, serotype, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide

Sari,

Fadilah,

Maladan

et al. 2024

Clin Exp Vaccine Res

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This narrative review describes genomic characteristic, serotyping, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS). CPS is a primary virulence factor of S. pneumoniae . The genomic characteristics of S. pneumoniae CPS, including the role of biosynthetic gene and genetic variation within cps (capsule polysaccharide) locus which may lead to serotype replacement are still being investigated. One hundred unique serotypes of S. pneumoniae have been identified through various methods of serotyping using phenotypic and genotypic approach. The advantages and limitations of each method are various, emphasizing the need for accurate and comprehensive serotyping for effective disease surveillance and vaccine targeting. In addition, we elaborate the critical role of CPS in vaccine development by providing an overview of immunogenicity, ongoing research of pneumococcal vaccines, and the impact on disease burden.

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“…While most of the disease caused by ALRI pathogens is not vaccine preventable, some pathogen specific vaccines are available, such as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) [ 8 ] and the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) [ 9 ]. However, current PCVs only cover up to 13 of the more than 100 S. pneumoniae serotypes [ 10 , 11 ] and the IIV is only moderately effective due to annual strain changes in the influenza A virus (IAV) and it is not commonly given to infants [ 12 ]. RSV [ 13 ] and SARS-CoV-2 [ 14 , 15 ] vaccines are currently under development and may be available in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Modulation of the Innate Immune Response to Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens Associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

2021

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Vitamin D is an essential component of immune function and childhood deficiency is associated with an increased risk of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs). Globally, the leading childhood respiratory pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus and the influenza virus. There is a growing body of evidence describing the innate immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D during challenge with respiratory pathogens, but recent systematic and unbiased synthesis of data is lacking, and future research directions are unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic PubMed literature search using the terms “vitamin D” and “Streptococcus pneumoniae” or “Respiratory Syncytial Virus” or “Influenza”. A priori inclusion criteria restricted the review to in vitro studies investigating the effect of vitamin D metabolites on human innate immune cells (primary, differentiated or immortalised) in response to stimulation with the specified respiratory pathogens. Eleven studies met our criteria. Despite some heterogeneity across pathogens and innate cell types, vitamin D modulated pathogen recognition receptor (PRRs: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, TLR7 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2)) expression; increased antimicrobial peptide expression (LL-37, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3 and β-defensin); modulated autophagosome production reducing apoptosis; and modulated production of inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin (IL) -1β, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ), IL-12p70, IFN-β, Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed (RANTES), IL-10) and chemokines (IL-8 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10)). Differential modulation of PRRs and IL-1β was reported across immune cell types; however, this may be due to the experimental design. None of the studies specifically focused on immune responses in cells derived from children. In summary, vitamin D promotes a balanced immune response, potentially enhancing pathogen sensing and clearance and restricting pathogen induced inflammatory dysregulation. This is likely to be important in controlling both ALRIs and the immunopathology associated with poorer outcomes and progression to chronic lung diseases. Many unknowns remain and further investigation is required to clarify the nuances in vitamin D mediated immune responses by pathogen and immune cell type and to determine whether these in vitro findings translate into enhanced immunity and reduced ALRI in the paediatric clinical setting.

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Pneumococcal Vaccines: Challenges and Prospects

Abstract: Infections with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age worldwide, mostly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [...]

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity

Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity

A narrative review of genomic characteristics, serotype, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide

Vitamin D Modulation of the Innate Immune Response to Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens Associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

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