“…Interpretation may conveniently begin with reference to Cases 1-10, which on clinical and radiographic grounds, resembled the recently published description of non-specific respiratory illness in prematures. Diagnoses such as the Hamman-Rich syndrome (Hilton and Rendle Short, 1961 ) , or pneumocystis infection (Reye and ten Seldam, 1956), were entertained, but considered unlikely on the grounds of high incidence and favourable course. Bacterial or viral infection was thought a possible explanation for a time, but became less likely for the same reasons, as did mucoviscidosis which was also excluded by direct testing in some of the babies.…”