“…As one of the major proxies for the study of climatic environmental change, pollen plays an irreplaceable role in vegetation and climate reconstruction for the Quaternary Period (2.58 Ma-present) (Zhang et al, 2019(Zhang et al, , 2022Li et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2021a;Zhao et al, 2021). Because different plant species produce pollen that varies substantially in production, dispersal ability, deposition rate, and preservation conditions, indicators such as the percentage and concentration of surface pollen are not necessarily equivalent to the distribution and amount of vegetation at a certain time (Ge et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2021b;Zhang et al, 2021).…”