Pollutant effects on stone monuments

Gauri, K. Lal; Holdren, G. Chris

doi:10.1021/es00086a001

Cited by 96 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Monuments and buildings made with stones are vulnerable to air pollution damage (Brimblecombe, 2003;Gauri and Holdren, 1981). The damage to the monuments and buildings could be in various forms like corrosion, soiling, abrasion and discoloration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Lumbini, in southern Nepal, is a UNESCO world heritage site of universal value as the birthplace of Buddha. Poor air quality in Lumbini and surrounding regions is a great concern for public health as well as for preservation, protection and promotion of Buddhist heritage and culture. We present here results from measurements of ambient concentrations of key air pollutants (PM, BC, CO, O 3 ) in Lumbini, first of its kind for Lumbini, conducted during an intensive measurement period of 3 months (April-June 2013) in the pre-monsoon season. The measurements were carried out as a part of the international air pollution measurement campaign; SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley -Atmospheric Brown Clouds). The main objective of this work is to understand and document the level of air pollution, diurnal characteristics and influence of open burning on air quality in Lumbini. The hourly average concentrations during the entire measurement campaign ranged as follows: BC was 0.3-30.0 µg m −3 , PM 1 was 3.6-197.6 µg m −3 , PM 2.5 was 6.1-272.2 µg m −3 , PM 10 was 10.5-604.0 µg m −3 , O 3 was 1.0-118.1 ppbv and CO was 125.0-1430.0 ppbv. These levels are comparable to other very heavily polluted sites in South Asia. Higher fraction of coarsemode PM was found as compared to other nearby sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region. The BC / CO ratio obtained in Lumbini indicated considerable contributions of emissions from both residential and transportation sectors. The 24 h average PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline very frequently (94 and 85 % of the sampled period, respectively), which implies significant health risks for the residents and visitors in the region. These air pollutants exhibited clear diurnal cycles with high values in the morning and evening. During the study period, the worst air pollution episodes were mainly due to agro-residue burning and regional forest fires combined with meteorological conditions conducive of pollution transport to Lumbini. Fossil fuel combustion also contributed significantly, accounting for more than half of the ambient BC concentration according to aerosol spectral light absorption coefficients obtained in Lumbini. WRF-STEM, a regional chemical transport model, was used to simulate the meteorology and the concentrations of pollutants to understand the pollutant transport pathways. The model estimated values were ∼ 1.5 to 5 times lower than the observed concentrations for CO and PM 10 , respectively. Model-simulated regionally tagged CO tracers showed that the majority of CO came from the upwind region of Ganges Valley. Model performance needs significant improvement Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

et al. 2017

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“…[37] The mineralogical, textural and physicochemical differences of the examined crusts suggest that it is unlikely that they have the same origin or the same pattern of development [38]. In Cairo, high relative humidity, frequent fogs, sulphur, nitrogen pollutants, carbonaceous and deposition of airborne particles either on exposed or sheltered areas of Cairo archaeological buildings [39]. In consequence of these processes, these deterioration products grow on sheltered areas leading to thick e n c r u s t a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e w a s h e d -o u t o n s u r f a c e s e x p o s e d t o r a i n w a t e r [ 4 0 ] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Air Pollution on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo

Khallaf¹

2011

Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution

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“…Smog may lead to corrosive damage to historically significant buildings and monuments (Gauri & Holdren, 1981;Varotsos, Tzanis, & Cracknell, 2009). Studies in the US also document that there is inequity in access to clean air, and that minorities are more likely to be exposed to air pollution, especially children of low-income non-whites (L. P. Clark, Millet, & Marshall, 2014;Rowangould, 2013;Zwickl, Ash, & Boyce, 2014).…”

Section: Health and Environmental Impacts Of Urban Air Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2: A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area

Rao¹

2000

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The health impacts of urban air pollution are a growing concern in our rapidly urbanizing world. Urban air pollutants show high intra-urban spatial variability linked to urban land use and land cover (LULC). This correlation of air pollutants with LULC is widely recognized; LULC data is an integral input into a wide range of models, especially land use regression models developed by epidemiologists to study the impact of air pollution on human health. Given the demonstrated links between LULC and urban air pollution, and between urban air pollution and health, an interesting question arises: what is the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of urban air pollution?In this dissertation we assess the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of NO 2 , a respiratory irritant and strong marker for combustionrelated air pollution, in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area in northwestern USA. We begin by measuring summer and winter NO 2 in the area using a spatially dense network of passive NO 2 samplers. We next develop an annual average model for NO 2 based on the observational data, using random forestfor the first time in the realm of urban air pollution -to disentangle the effects of highly correlated LULC variables on ambient NO 2 concentrations. We apply this random forest (LURF) model to a 200m spatial grid covering the study area, and use this 200m LURF model to quantify the effect of different urban land use ii categories on ambient concentrations of NO 2 . Using the changes in ambient NO 2 concentrations resulting from land use modifications as input to BenMAP (a health benefits assessment tool form the US EPA), we assess the NO 2 -related health impact associated with each land use category and its modifications. We demonstrate how the LURF model can be used to assess the respiratory health benefits of competing land use modifications, including city-wide and local-scale mitigation strategies based on modifying tree canopy and vehicle miles traveled (VMT).Planting trees is a common land cover modification strategy undertaken by cities to reduce air pollution. Statistical models such as LUR and LURF demonstrate a correlation between tree cover and reduced air pollution, but they cannot demonstrate causation. Hence, we run the atmospheric chemistry and transport model CMAQ to examine to what extent the dry deposition mechanism can explain the reduction of NO 2 which statistical models associate with tree canopy.Results from our research indicate that even though the Portland-Vancouver area is in compliance with the US EPA NO 2 standards, ambient concentrations of NO 2 still create an annual health burden of at least $40 million USD. Our model suggests that NO 2 associated with high intensity development and VMT may be creating an annual health burden of $7 million and $3.3 million USD respectively.Existing tree canopy, on the other hand, is associated with an annual health iii benefit of $1.4 million USD. LULC modifications can mitigate some fraction of...

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Pollutant effects on stone monuments

Cited by 96 publications

References 4 publications

Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

Effect of Air Pollution on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo

Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2: A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area

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