Pollution indices as comprehensive tools for evaluation of the accumulation and provenance of potentially toxic elements in soils in Ojców National Park

Mazurek, Ryszard; Kowalska, Joanna Beata; Gąsiorek, Michał; Zadrożny, Paweł; Wieczorek, J.

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.03.001

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…64,Cd 0.39,Co 4.92,Cr 18.8,Cu 26.5,Hg 0.05,Ni 11.5,Pb 63.8, Sb 1.23, Tl 0.10, Zn 283, and Se below the limit of quantification. The results obtained in the current confirmed the findings of other researchers on the PHE contents in the arable soils of southern Poland (Loska et al 2003(Loska et al , 2004Baran and Wieczorek 2015;Mazurek et al 2017;Labaz et al 2019;Baran et al 2018;Gałuszka et al 2018;Pająk et al 2018;Piekut et al 2018;Wieczorek et al 2018;Mazurek et al 2019;Waroszewski et al 2019). Nevertheless, the direct comparison of data between different studies should be made with caution due to time and methods differences.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The contents of the potentially harmful elements in the arable soils of southern Poland, with the assessment of ecological and health risks: a case study

Gruszecka‐Kosowska

Baran

Wdowin

et al. 2019

Environ Geochem Health

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Agricultural soil samples were collected from the areas where edible plants had been cultivated in southern Poland. The PHE content decreased in proportion to the median value specified in brackets (mg/kg d.m.) as follows: Zn (192) [ Pb (47.1) [ Cr (19.6) [ Cu (18.8) [ Ni (9.91) [ As (5.73) [ Co (4.63) [ Sb (0.85) [ Tl (0.04) [ Cd (0.03) [ Hg (0.001) [ Se (\ LOQ). No PHE concentrations exceeded the permissible levels defined in the Polish law. The PHE solubility (extracted with CaCl 2) in the total concentration ranged in the following order: Fe (3.3%) [ Cd (2.50%) [ Ni (0.75%) [ Zn (0.48%) [ Cu (0.19%) [ Pb (0.10%) [ Cr (0.03%). The soil contamination indices revealed moderate contamination with Zn, ranging from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Pb, and, practically, no contamination with other PHEs was identified. The ecological risk indices revealed that soils ranged from uncontaminated to slightly contaminated with Zn, Pb, As, Cu, and Ni. The PCA indicated natural sources of origin of Co, Cu, Hg, Sb, Zn, Cr, and Pb, as well as anthropogenic sources of origin of Cd, Ni, As, and Tl. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) for adults and children decreased in the following order of exposure pathways: ingestion [ dermal contact [ inhalation of soil particles. The total carcinogenic risk values for both adults and children were at the acceptable level under residential (1.62E-05 and 6.39E-05) and recreational scenario (5.41E-06 and 2.46E-05), respectively, as well as for adults in agricultural scenario (1.45E-05). The total noncarcinogenic risk values for both adults and children under residential scenario (1.63E-01 and 4.55E-01, respectively), under recreational scenario (2.88E-01 and 6.69E-01, respectively) and for adults Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The contents of the potentially harmful elements in the arable soils of southern Poland, with the assessment of ecological and health risks: a case study

Gruszecka‐Kosowska

Baran

Wdowin

et al. 2019

Environ Geochem Health

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“…As described previously [17] in southern Poland, where investigations were conducted, soils are generally classified as cambisols, podzols, and luvisols according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IUSS Working Group 2015). The measured pH values classified the investigated agricultural soil samples as neutral in the Opolskie (pH H2O range: 6.8-7.2, mean: 7.0) andŚląskie (pH H2O range: 6.8-8.3, mean: 7.0) and slightly acidic in the Małopolskie (pH H2O range: 4.8-7.9, mean: 6.50),Świętokrzyskie (pH H2O range: 5.4-7.2, mean: 6.4), and Podkarpackie (pH Our tests of the pseudototal PHE contents in agricultural soil samples confirmed the results of the research conducted previously in the Regions of SE Poland: inŚląskie [28,[50][51][52][53], of S Poland: in Małopolskie [33,[54][55][56][57][58], and of SE Poland: in Podkarpackie [59] and inŚwiętokrzyskie [60]. Our results were also comparable to those obtained within the frame of the National Environmental…”

Section: Physico-chemical Characteristics Of Soilssupporting

confidence: 81%

Geochemical Fractions of the Agricultural Soils of Southern Poland and the Assessment of the Potentially Harmful Element Mobility

et al. 2019

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Surface samples (0–25 cm each) of agricultural soils were investigated in five Regions (voivodeships) of southern Poland. The mean Potentially Harmful Element (PHE) pseudototal content ranges were as follows (mg/kg): As 5.19–10.9, Cd 0.34–1.56, Co 1.92–6.70, Cr 9.05–25.7, Cu 8.74–69.4, Hg 0.001–0.08, Ni 3.93–19.9, Pb 20.3–183, Sb 0.80–1.42, Tl 0.04–0.17, and Zn 61.3–422. The PHE availability depended on pH, the organic carbon (Corg) content, and the pseudototal PHE content in soils. Exchangeable and acid soluble PHE contents (BCRF1) determined in the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) three-step sequential extraction procedure decreased in this order: Cd > Zn > Co > Ni = Sb > Cu > Tl > As > Cr = Pb. Actually available PHE contents in pore water (0.01 mol/dm3 CaCl2) ranged as follows: Cd 0.81–17%, Cr 0–0.25%, Cu 0.01–2.31%, Ni 0.16–2%, Pb 0.2–0.49%, and Zn 0.25–2.12%. The potential soluble total content of PHEs in pore water (0.05 mol/dm3 Na2EDTA) ranged as follows: Cd 27–91%, Cr 0.7–7.1%, Cu 6.7–98%, Ni 3.6–41%, Pb 15–41%, and Zn 3–34%. The mobility factor (MF) values indicated Cd (31.6%) and Zn (21.0%) as the most mobile elements in soil. Other PHEs followed the order of Co > Ni > Tl > As > Sb > Cu > Cr > Pb, with the MF values <10%. The risk assessment code (RAC) values revealed a very high ecological risk of Cd and Zn in the Podkarpackie Region and a high ecological risk of Cd in the Regions of Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, and Podkarpackie, and the same of Zn in the Opolskie and Śląskie. The modified risk assessment code (mRAC) index pointed a very high potential of adverse effects in soils in the Podkarpackie and a medium potential in the Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, and Świętokrzyskie. The potential adverse effect risk, described by the individual contamination factor (ICF) factor, was the following in the Regions, in the decreasing order: Cd > Pb > Sb > Zn > Co > Cu > Ni > Tl > As > Cr, and the same as described by the global contamination factor (GCF) values: Opolskie > Podkarpackie > Świętokrzyskie > Śląskie > Małopolskie.

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“…By the comparison of the RGB to the BV of the C horizon, we can also note an approximately four-fold Sb enrichment. As Reimann and Garrett (2005) already mentioned, it is selfevident that, in this context, the ratio between topsoil (A horizons) and subsoil or parent material (B or C horizons) is not exclusively the result of anthropogenic contamination, but also due to natural soil formation processes (e.g., Mazurek et al 2017Mazurek et al , 2019. Therefore, we believe that the C f , which uses the average background values from the upper continental crust (e.g., Turekian and Wedepohl 1961;Kabata-Pendias 2011) or BVs, is not appropriate to assess soil pollution in the topsoil.…”

Section: Single Pollution Index and Contamination Factormentioning

confidence: 93%

Pseudo-total antimony content in topsoils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area

Thestorf

Makki

2020

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Sb is a metalloid that naturally occurs in traces in the Northern German Lowland Area, only. Its frequent and still growing demand for industrial purposes and its release during coal combustion and by vehicular emissions lead to an enrichment of Sb in topsoils. Numerous analyses on heavy metals have been conducted in the urban environment so far, but although Sb can be ecologically harmful and potentially carcinogenic, only few studies on Sb in soils were carried out. Materials and methods Due to the formation of anthropogenic soils by men, especially in the course of industrialization and after World War II, more than 50% of the Berlin soils consist of anthropogenic material like redeposited natural material, debris, waste, or ashes. This composition of soils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area can function as a model for other metropolitan regions of Central Europe. In the urban and peri-urban area of Berlin, analysis of more than 900 topsoil samples has been performed measuring the content of 12 heavy metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn). As a reference for the natural environment, soil profiles of typical parent rock material have been investigated taking also the regional (0.3 mg/kg), the local background value (0.61 mg/kg), and the baseline value (0.07 mg/kg) for Sb into account. Results By doing so, we could show the spatial distributional pattern of Sb in the Berlin Metropolitan Area and statistically evaluate our results in dependency of land-use, parent material, and soil parameters such as organic carbon content and pH. Thereby, we could prove an average enrichment two to six times over the regional background value. Median Sb content is very low in forest topsoils (0.54 mg/kg) and reaches its maximum in roadside soils (1.75 mg/kg). Technogenic materials, vehicular emissions, industrial processes, and (former) land-use are the predominant factors for Sb enrichment and distribution in the study area. Some single samples show an enrichment of up to 600% of the regional background value for topsoils. Conclusion Our study revealed that the Sb content in the Berlin Metropolitan Area is elevated compared to natural environments. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that Sb is a previously neglected key pollutant, specific to metropolitan areas. Due to the high environmental relevance, further Sb data from selected investigated spaces in other metropolises and specific land-use types are needed to assess the potential environmental risk of Sb in metropolitan areas.Keywords Trace metals . Urban geochemistry . Pollution index . Technogenic soils . Antimony (Sb) . Urban structure type 1 Introduction Antimony-general properties and natural occurrence in Central EuropeAntimony (Sb) is a metalloid trace element of the 15 IUPAC group that is, depending on the environment, occurring in a tri-(Sb(III)) or pentavalent (Sb(V)) state (Filella et al. 2002(Filella et al. , 2009Wilson et al. 2010). Sb has two stable isotopes that are distributed with 57.21% ( 121 Sb) and 42.79% ( 123 S...

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Pollution indices as comprehensive tools for evaluation of the accumulation and provenance of potentially toxic elements in soils in Ojców National Park

Cited by 46 publications

References 42 publications

The contents of the potentially harmful elements in the arable soils of southern Poland, with the assessment of ecological and health risks: a case study

The contents of the potentially harmful elements in the arable soils of southern Poland, with the assessment of ecological and health risks: a case study

Geochemical Fractions of the Agricultural Soils of Southern Poland and the Assessment of the Potentially Harmful Element Mobility

Pseudo-total antimony content in topsoils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area

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