Poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) bilayer membrane blocks bacterial penetration

Abstract

Background and Objective:The clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures can be impaired if a bacterial infection develops at the surgical site. Membrane exposure is one of the causes of the onset of bacterial infection. Previously, we have fabricated a poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) (PLCL) bilayer membrane composed of a porous layer and a compact layer.The compact layer acts as a barrier against connective tissue and epithelial cells, and we hypothesized that it could also be an effective barrier against bacterial cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the PLCL bilayer membrane to block bacterial cell penetration, which would be useful for preventing postoperative infections.Methods: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and multispecies bacteria collected from human saliva were used in this study. Bacteria were seeded directly on the compact layer of a PLCL bilayer membrane, and bacterial adhesion to the membrane, as well as penetration into the membrane's structure, were assessed.Bacterial adhesion was evaluated by the number of colonies formed at 6, 24, and 72 h, and penetration was observed using a scanning electron microscope at 24 and 72 h.Commercially available membranes, composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or type I collagen, were used as controls.Results: P. gingivalis, S. mutans, and the multispecies bacteria obtained from human saliva adhered onto all the membranes after only 6 h of incubation. However, fewer adherent cells were observed for the PLCL bilayer membrane compared with the controls for all experimental periods. The PLCL membrane was capable of blocking bacterial penetration, and no bacterial cells were observed in the structure. In contrast, bacteria penetrated both the control membranes and were observed at depths of up to 80 µm after 72 h of incubation. Conclusion: Membrane characteristics may influence how bacterial colonizationoccurs. The PLCL membrane had reduced bacterial adhesion and blocked bacterial penetration, and these characteristics could contribute to a favorable outcome for regenerative treatments. In the event of membrane exposure at GTR/GBR surgical sites,

Poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) bilayer membrane achieves bone regeneration through a prolonged barrier function

“…Col membrane presents a mesh-like structure, hydrophilic and permeable in aqueous environments, allowing greater cell infiltration. 14,15 PLGA shows interconnected pores that also allow cell infiltration, however the hydrophobic nature of this material may slow down permeability. PLCL is characterized by wide pores that permitted cells to infiltrate the porous layer, 14 though the presence of a compact layer in direct contact with the surgical flap prevented epithelial cell invasion of the bone defect.…”

Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations

“…This result could be attributed to the synergistic effect of chemical composition and fibers alignment on cell proliferation and adhesion. 208 Abe et al 209 found that the PLCL bilayer membrane had reduced bacterial adhesion and blocked bacterial penetration, compared to the membranes of collagen and PLGA (Figure 13a), leading to a favorable outcome for regenerative treatments. Moreover, colony-forming units (CFU) counts of the incubated bacteria throughout the experimental period up to 72 h (Figure 13b), revealing that (1) P. gingivalis showed that the PLCL membrane had fewer adherent cells compared to the PLGA or Col membranes.…”

“…Bacterial infection in GBR membranes is another major problem, leading to complications in the procedure. The membrane is used to cover the bone defect and protect it from bacterial contamination, but if it becomes infected, it can impede the healing process and lead to potential failure. , The most common bacterial species that cause infection in GBR membranes are Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, and Porphyromonas gingivalis . , One common solution reported is to directly dope the membrane with antibiotics to minimize the risk of infection. , However, the uncontrollable continuous release of antibiotics was reported as the main drawback, hindering their real-world application as anti-infectious membranes.…”

“…(2) For Streptococcus mutans , the PLCL membrane exhibited significantly fewer adherent cells than the PLGA membrane after 6, 24, and 72 h of incubation, and a lower number of adherent cells than the Col membrane, although no statistical significance was found. (3) CFU counts of membranes incubated with bacteria from human saliva displayed that the PLCL compact layer had significantly fewer CFUs than PLGA and Col at 6 h, and after 72 h of incubation there were no statistical differences in CFU counts between any of the groups (Figure b) . The properties of the PLCL membrane, including reduced bacterial adhesion and penetration, may be beneficial for regenerative treatments, and in the case of exposure at surgical sites, efficient barrier function may facilitate the management of complications in guided tissue and bone regeneration.…”

“…(3) CFU counts of membranes incubated with bacteria from human saliva displayed that the PLCL compact layer had significantly fewer CFUs than PLGA and Col at 6 h, and after 72 h of incubation there were no statistical differences in CFU counts between any of the groups (Figure 13b). 209 The properties of the PLCL membrane, including reduced bacterial adhesion and penetration, may be beneficial for regenerative treatments, and in the case of exposure at surgical sites, efficient barrier function may facilitate the management of complications in guided tissue and bone regeneration. nutrients to the repair sites.…”