Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in PM2.5, PM10, TSP and Gas Phase in Office Environment in Shanghai, China: Occurrence and Human Exposure

Li, Yue; Chen, Ling; Ngoc, Duong Minh; Duan, Yanping; Lu, Zhibo; Wen, Zhihao; Meng, Xiang−Zhou

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119144

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…The PBDEs most commonly observed on indoor particulate matter are BDEs 47, 99, and 100, consistent with the present study [15,43,44]. Studies of indoor particulate matter in Chinese cities, Guangzhou [15] and Shanghai [16,17], observed high particulate matter loadings of BDE-209 (e.g., particulate matter 2.5 mm in diameter concentrations from $10 to >1000 pg/m 3 ). In households in Hong Kong, China [15], and Michigan, USA [43], BDE-209 was not detected in any indoor particulate matter samples.…”

Section: Pbde Congeners Detected In Moudi Samplessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Exposure to PBDEs via inhalation is low in terms of nanograms per day when compared with other routes of exposure, as reported in PBDE exposure studies . However, effects may also vary by mode of exposure because of human physiology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A lower limit of estimated inhalation exposure from respirable particles can be derived from mass loadings in the fine and ultrafine particles of 0.12 ng/d. Exposure to PBDEs via inhalation is low in terms of nanograms per day when compared with other routes of exposure, as reported in PBDE exposure studies [11,[14][15][16][17]. However, effects may also vary by mode of exposure because of human physiology.…”

Section: Human Exposure To Pbdes By Inhalation Of Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 97%

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Size‐resolved particle measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers indoors: Implications for sources and human exposure

Richman

Butt

Young

2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardant polymer additives that are widely detected in outdoor and indoor environments. Release of PBDEs from consumer products leads to high concentrations indoors, but mechanisms of release are poorly understood. Although ingestion of dust is a well-studied indoor PBDE exposure route, the importance of inhalation exposure is uncertain. To address these unknowns, dust was collected from household vacuum cleaners, and suspended particulate matter was collected from the same homes in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, using a cascade impactor. Size-fractionated particulate matter samples (0.01-18 μm diameter) were analyzed for PBDEs. The sum of PBDEs in all particulate matter ranged from 8.7 ± 0.5 to 15.7 ± 0.5 pg/m , with >50% of PBDE mass in respirable particulate matter (<1 μm). Mass loadings as a function of particle size suggested that both abrasion and off-gassing led to the presence of PBDEs in particulate matter. Variability in the particulate matter mass loadings indicated that emission mechanisms were both product- and location-dependent. Congener profiles in colocated vacuum dust and particulate matter samples were different, indicating that vacuum dust cannot accurately predict PBDE congeners in respirable particulate matter. A calculated lower limit inhalation exposure to PBDEs (0.19 ng/d) is lower than exposure via diet or ingestion of dust, although the different biochemical pathways for inhalation compared with ingestion may have different biological effects. The present study highlights the importance of contaminant analysis in size-fractionated particulate matter to assess human exposure via inhalation compared with traditional vacuum dust methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:481-490. © 2017 SETAC.

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Section: Pbde Congeners Detected In Moudi Samplessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Human Exposure To Pbdes By Inhalation Of Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 97%

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Size‐resolved particle measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers indoors: Implications for sources and human exposure

Richman

Butt

Young

2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…53 Li et al reported that 1.2 pg/kg-BW/day PM 2.5 -bound BDE-209 may be inhaled deep into the lungs and reach the pulmonary alveoli based on research in Shanghai. 9 He et al estimated that the DEDs of the particulate BDE-209 for an adult group ranged from 0.13 to 7.1 pg/kg-BW/day (mean of 1.2 pg/kg-BW/day) at an urban site and from 0.08 to 6.1 pg/kg-BW/day (mean of 0.69 pg/kg-BW/ day) at a rural site near Lake Chaohu, China. 54 In this study, the mean exposure levels of 12 pg/kg-BW/day and 83 pg/kg-BW/day were observed in Guangzhou for BDE-209 and HFRs, indicating high exposure risk.…”

Section: Spatial and Seasonal Variations And Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Concentrations of Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Atmospheric Fine Particles in Chinese Cities

Liu

Lin

Shen

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

102

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The concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in PM 2.5 were monitored for one year at 10 urban sites in China during 2013−2014. This study investigated four classes of HFRs: nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), six nonbromodiphenyl ether (BDE) brominated flame retardants, two dechlorane plus (DP) flame retardants, and three chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Extremely high concentrations of BDE-209 and DBDPE were observed in only one city (Guangzhou), which was a consequence of the intensive ewaste recycling and disposal operations in the Pearl River Delta. This result differed from the tris(monochloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) distributions, which showed high concentrations in most cities, suggesting wide usage and large emissions in China in recent years. The highest TCPP and TCEP concentrations were observed in the summer, indicating that emission from local sources was an important factor controlling the levels in the air. This was not the case for BDE-209 and DBDPE, for which higher concentrations were found in winter. When bound to particulate matter due to low vapor pressure, these compounds may be more persistent in air, and temperature-dependent gas-particle partitioning was a key factor. Moreover, regional pollution and long-range transport had a significant influence on the seasonal distributions of BDE-209 and DBDPE, especially in cities (Guangzhou and Shanghai) close to electrical/electronic waste recycling sites. Residents in urban areas were exposed to higher levels of chlorinated OPFRs. This raises considerable concern, and an appropriate risk assessment is required.

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“…However, the use of deca-BDE in Taiwan has not yet ceased as of present and remains available in the manufacture of its many consumer products (Chao et al, 2014). Due to fine particle deposition, PBDEs bind on particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, PM 2.5 , respectively (Mandalakis et al, 2009;Li et al, 2015a). Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate PM 2.5 levels due to the possibility of its relatively small particles being deposited more deeply into the lungs causing respiratory ailments and diseases, and other negative health problems Guo et al, 2015a;Li et al, 2015b;Shi et al, 2015;Gao et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Respirable Particulate in Central and Southern Taiwan

Chao

Que

Gou

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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High levels of fine particulate (PM 2.5 ) in indoor and outdoor air have globally threatened human health and environment. There are still few studies which concern on the emerging persistent organic pollutants like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bound on PM 2.5 . The aim of this study was to investigate PBDEs in PM 2.5 in various outdoor (metropolis, industrial, and rural areas) and indoor (library, rail station, hospital, supermarket, department store, and office) environments. PM 2.5 -bound PBDEs was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry after PM 2.5 was collected. Mean levels of PM 2.5 -bound Σ 14 PBDEs were 79.0 and 116 pg m -3 in outdoor and indoor air, respectively. Compared to other outdoor locations, the industrial sites, Taixi (169 pg m -3 ) in particular, has the highest PM 2.5 -bound PBDEs levels which might be attributed to nearby industrial activities and indoor to outdoor migration behaviors. For indoor air, PM 2.5 -bound PBDEs mean concentrations (libraries, rail stations, department stores, offices, hospitals, and supermarkets) were found to be 357, 35.3, 50.2, 73.2, 59.2, and 124 pg m -3 , respectively. The high indoor PM 2.5 -bound PBDEs levels found in libraries are heavily affected by the presence of indoor electronic equipment or other consumer products. Similarly, this is also true for supermarkets which merchandise electronic consumer products. Although the abundant congener of deca-BDE consisted of 74.7% and 48.03% of Σ 14 PBDEs in the indoor and outdoor air, respectively, nona-BDEs predominantly contributed 11.6% in the indoors while tri-and tert-BDES contributed 11.3% and 16% in the outdoors. Higher brominated PBDEs are more likely due to their emission from electronic surfaces while lower brominated PBDEs are products of photochemical degradation. Other factors affecting both the indoor and outdoor air PM 2.5 -bound PBDE homologue levels such as migration behaviors might also be considered.

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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in PM2.5, PM10, TSP and Gas Phase in Office Environment in Shanghai, China: Occurrence and Human Exposure

Cited by 22 publications

References 52 publications

Size‐resolved particle measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers indoors: Implications for sources and human exposure

Size‐resolved particle measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers indoors: Implications for sources and human exposure

Occurrence and Concentrations of Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Atmospheric Fine Particles in Chinese Cities

Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Respirable Particulate in Central and Southern Taiwan

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