Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula. Occurrence and risk assessment

Pietroń, Wojciech Jerzy; Warenik-Bany, Małgorzata; Woźniak, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130479

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Therefore, the variation between the levels of congeners in breast milk might be associated with these differences in the kinetic rates. Besides that, to evaluate de infant exposure worldwide, different PBDE congeners patterns in human breast milk should be taken into account [ 24 , 26 , 31 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Although the PBDEs show a wide world distribution in the environment, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of human exposure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study reported by Cui et al (2012) [ 33 ] also showed a positive correlation between the higher concentrations of PBDEs determined in Chinese breast milk with high school education levels and family monthly salary. It is important to consider that diet is one the most relevant source of PBDEs exposure for adults, especially food with high lipid content, such as animal-origin food [ 29 , 32 , 39 , 41 , 42 ]. Besides, contact with electronic products and other consumer products containing PBDEs, and dust ingestion may also be considered an important exposure source for the population.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Souza

Devóz

Ximenez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous flame retardants and are environmentally persistent. PBDEs show endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and lower birth weight in infants, and their human body burden has become a public health concern. The infants’ exposure begins in the prenatal period and continues via breast milk ingestion, although, little is known about the factors that may influence this exposure. In this study, PBDE levels in Brazilian breast milk were assessed in 200 lactating women. The risk assessment of infants’ exposure to PBDE was performed through the estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation. The geometric mean (GM) of ∑PBDEs levels was 2.33 (0.14–6.05) ng/g wet weight. At least one PBDE congener was detected in the samples, and the 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) showed a 100% of detection rate (GM of 1.05 ng/g). Location of residence, maternal level education, monthly salary, and race were positively associated with PBDE levels (p < 0.05). The EDI of BDE-47 was higher in Belo Horizonte (8.29 ng/kg/day) than in Viçosa (6.36 ng/kg/day), as well as for the ∑PBDEs (19.77 versus 12.78 ng/kg/day) (p < 0.05). Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk and their toxicity, continuous studies on infant exposure, fetal growth, and child neurodevelopment are requested.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Souza

Devóz

Ximenez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…However, due to the practical absence of PBDEs in toy packaging, the most likely hypothesis seems to be that the toys are contaminated by the waste stream and the high presence of these xenobiotics in the chocolate is due to another source, e.g. milk, butter/oil, the production process (Pietron et al 2021;Zacs et al 2021;Konstantas et al 2018). Furthermore, it can be observed that the higher concentration of PBDEs in the cheapest product (product_3) corresponds to an increased emission profile of TVOCs.…”

Section: Pbde Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, inadequate polymer recycling practices contribute to the re-introduction of PBDEs into the environment, which can also result in soil and air pollution, and consequently lead to the occurrence of PBDEs, e.g. in meat from farm animals, milk and dairy products (Pietron et al 2021;Zacs et al 2021;Konstantas et al 2018). Consequently, in this context, inappropriate recycling procedures may take on much greater importance in the environmental fate of the PBDEs.…”

Section: Forward-looking Considerations: Estimation Of Children's Exposure Risk To Pbdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBDEs have been reported to act as endocrine disruptors (Ji et al 2019;Vuong et al 2018a, b, c) and can cause neurological defects (Drobna et al 2019), permanent learning and memory impairment (Cowell et al 2018), behavioural changes (Vuong et al 2017(Vuong et al , 2018a, hearing defects (Fabelova et al 2019), delayed onset of puberty (Harley et al 2017), decreased sperm count (Zhang et al 2020), foetal malformations (Koren et al 2019), and, possibly, cancer (Hoffman et al 2017). The main routes of exposure to PBDEs are the oral route, with the most significant sources listed as: dust, meat and dairy products (Śmiełowska and Zabiegała 2020;Pietron et al 2021;Zacs et al 2021;Konstantas et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small Polymeric Toys Placed in Child-Dedicated Chocolate Food Products—Do They Contain Harmful Chemicals? Examination of Quality by Example of Selected VOCs and SVOCs

2021

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This study was focused on child-dedicated chocolate food products that contain a plastic package with a small toy inside (also known as chocolate eggs). Three types of these products that are commercially available on the Polish market, with different prices, chocolate composition, and main types of polymers used in the toy manufacturing process, were investigated. The polymers were identified using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and emissions of selected toxic volatile organic compounds of toy and packaging samples were identified using stationary emission micro-chamber. Total volatile organic compounds emissions were also estimated. Moreover, the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as bioaccumulative semi-volatile organic compounds was checked in all parts of the cheapest product. The highest PBDE concentrations, which ranged from 5.32 ± 0.79 to 1768 ± 289 ng/g, were recorded in chocolate samples. This demonstrates the need for consumer knowledge on the safety of such products available on the Polish market to be broadened. This is one of the many examples of studies showing that products sold on the European market do not always comply with the Conformité Européenne (CE) declaration of conformity. Furthermore, the presence of phased-out PBDEs in toys may provide evidence of wrong recycling practices. Forward-looking considerations showed that, based on assessments of the hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk of BDE-209 and assuming each child has contact with one toy and eats one of the studied chocolate products per day, there is no high risk associated with the exposure of children to PBDEs.

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General Concepts about Emerging Contaminants Versus Legacy Pollutants

Pandiyan,

Govindarajan

2024

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula. Occurrence and risk assessment

Cited by 18 publications

References 68 publications

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Small Polymeric Toys Placed in Child-Dedicated Chocolate Food Products—Do They Contain Harmful Chemicals? Examination of Quality by Example of Selected VOCs and SVOCs

General Concepts about Emerging Contaminants Versus Legacy Pollutants

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