Polycations increase the permeability of Mycobacterium vaccae cell envelopes to hydrophobic compounds

Korycka-Machała, Małgorzata; Ziółkowski, Andrzej; Rumijowska-Galewicz, Anna; Lisowska, Katarzyna; Sedlaczek, L

doi:10.1099/00221287-147-10-2769

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Since Mycobacterium sp. NRRL 3683B was reported to be identified as M. vaccae (Korycka-Machala et al, 2001), the close relative strain Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1816D most probably also belongs to M. vaccae.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown for Mycobacterium vaccae and relative strains, CW permeability for androstane steroids is promoted by vancomycin (Lisowska et al, 1996), glycine (Sedlaczek et al, 1999), lecithin (Rumijowska et al, 1997) and polycations (protamine, polymyxin B nonapeptide and polyethyleneimine) (Korycka-Machala et al, 2001). The inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis by glycine (15 mg ml…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Methyl-β-cyclodextrin alters growth, activity and cell envelope features of sterol-transforming mycobacteria

et al. 2007

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Modified b-cyclodextrins have been shown previously to enhance sterol conversion to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) by growing Mycobacterium spp. The enhancement effect was mainly attributed to steroid solubilization by the formation of inclusion complexes with modified cyclodextrins. In this work, the influence of randomly methylated b-cyclodextrin (MCD) on the growth, AD-and ADD-producing activity, cell wall (CW) composition and ultrastructure of sterol-transforming Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1816D was studied. The specific growth rate of the strain on glycerol increased in the presence of MCD (20-100 mM). Washed cells grown in the presence of MCD (20-40 mM) expressed 1.6-fold higher ADD-producing activity than did the cells grown without MCD, and their adhesiveness differed. Electron microscopy showed MCD-mediated CW exfoliation and accumulation of membrane-like structures outside the cells, while preserving cells intact. The analysis of CW composition revealed both a decrease in the proportion of extractable lipids and a considerable shift in fatty acid profile resulting from MCD action. The MCD-mediated enhancement of mycolic and fatty acids content was observed outside the cells. The total secreted protein level rose 2.4-fold, and the extracellular 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity 3.2-fold. The composition of the CW polysaccharide was not altered, while the overall proportion of the carbohydrates in the CW of the MCD-exposed mycobacteria increased. The results showed that the multiple mechanisms of MCD-mediated intensification of sterol to AD(D) conversion by mycobacteria include not only solubilization of steroids, but also the increase of CW permeability for both steroids and soluble nutrients, disorganization of the lipid bilayer and the release of steroid-transforming enzymes weakly associated with the CW.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin alters growth, activity and cell envelope features of sterol-transforming mycobacteria

et al. 2007

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“…Postculture medium (20 ml) was filtered through a Synpor filter (pore diameter, 0.22 m) and extracted three times with an equal volume of chloroform-methanol (2:1, vol/vol). The extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and lipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, as previously described (19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Able To Accumulate and Utilize Cholesterol

et al. 2009

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It is expected that the obligatory human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis must adapt metabolically to the various nutrients available during its cycle of infection, persistence, and reactivation. Cholesterol, which is an important part of the mammalian cytoplasmic membrane, is a potential energy source. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis grown in medium containing a carbon source other than cholesterol is able to accumulate cholesterol in the free-lipid zone of its cell wall. This cholesterol accumulation decreases the permeability of the cell wall for the primary antituberculosis drug, rifampin, and partially masks the mycobacterial surface antigens. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis was able to grow on mineral medium supplemented with cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Targeted disruption of the Rv3537 (kstD) gene inhibited growth due to inactivation of the cholesterol degradation pathway, as evidenced by accumulation of the intermediate, 9-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. Our findings that M. tuberculosis is able to accumulate cholesterol in the presence of alternative nutrients and use it when cholesterol is the sole carbon source in vitro may facilitate future studies into the pathophysiology of this important deadly pathogen.Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a very successful pathogen that infects one-third of the human population (21). Only 10% of primary infected individuals develop active disease during their lifetimes. Tubercle bacilli are able to persist in a dormant state, from which they may reactivate and induce the contagious disease state (13). In asymptomatic hosts, M. tuberculosis exists in reservoirs called granulomas, which are cellular aggregates that restrict bacterial spreading (40). Granulomas are organized collections of mature macrophages that exhibit a certain typical morphology and that arise in response to persistent intracellular pathogens (1, 4). Pathogenic mycobacteria can induce the formation of foamy macrophages filled with lipid-containing bodies; these have been postulated to act as a secure, nutrient-rich reservoir for tubercle bacilli (31). Moreover, M. tuberculosis DNA has been detected in fatty tissues surrounding the kidneys, as well as those of the stomach, lymph nodes, heart, and skin. Tubercle bacilli are able to enter adipocytes, where they accumulate within intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions and survive in a nonreplicating state (26). In vivo, it is expected that M. tuberculosis adapts metabolically to nutrient-poor conditions characterized by glucose deficiency and an abundance of fatty acids (25,26). The presence of a complex repertoire of lipid metabolism genes in the genome of M. tuberculosis suggests that lipids, including steroids, are important alternative carbon and energy sources for this pathogen (7).One attractive potential alternative nutrient that is readily available in the mammalian host is cholesterol, a major sterol of the plasma membrane. The presence of cholesterol in lipid rafts is required in order for microorga...

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that PEI is an effective permeabilizer of gram-negative bacteria, facilitating the uptake or action of various compounds, including antibiotics, detergents, or biocides [10,11,13]. One study also showed similar permeabilizing effects for PEI against a gram-positive bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae [28]. However, the physiology of Mycobacterium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Sodium polyphosphate and polyethylenimine enhance the antimicrobial activities of plant essential oils

Wright¹,

Brehm-Stecher²

2016

ScienceOpen Research

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Plant extracts have been used for millennia for treatment of disease, with much recent interest focusing on the antimicrobial activities of plant essential oils (EOs). Although EOs are active against common microbial pathogens, their effective use as topical, environmental, or food antimicrobials will require EO-based formulations with enhanced antimicrobial activities. In this study, two polyionic compounds, sodium polyphosphate (polyP, a polyanion) and polyethylenimine (PEI, a polycation), were evaluated for their abilities to enhance the antimicrobial activities of six EOs against the human pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Minnesota, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. EOs tested were cinnamon, clove, regular and redistilled oregano, and two types of thyme oil. EOs were examined via disk diffusion and broth microdilution, either alone or in the presence of subinhibitory levels of polyP or PEI. Both polyP and PEI were found to be effective enhancers of EO activity against all strains examined, and calculation of fractional inhibitory indices for select EO/organism pairings demonstrated that true synergy was possible with this enhancement approach. Experiments with a deep-rough strain of S. Minnesota probed the role of the outer membrane in both intrinsic resistance to EOs and enhancement by polyions. The use of polyP and PEI for boosting the antimicrobial activities of EOs may eventually facilitate the development of more effective EO-based antimicrobial treatments for use in applications such as wound treatment, surface disinfection, or as generally recognized as safe antimicrobials for use in foods or on food contact surfaces.

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Polycations increase the permeability of Mycobacterium vaccae cell envelopes to hydrophobic compounds

Cited by 37 publications

References 35 publications

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin alters growth, activity and cell envelope features of sterol-transforming mycobacteria

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin alters growth, activity and cell envelope features of sterol-transforming mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Able To Accumulate and Utilize Cholesterol

Sodium polyphosphate and polyethylenimine enhance the antimicrobial activities of plant essential oils

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