Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk of obese vs normal women: Infant exposure and risk assessment

Acharya, Narayan; Gautam, Bibha; Subbiah, Seenivasan; Rogge, Mary Madeline; Anderson, Todd A.; Gao, Weimin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.381

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The source of those chemicals is not only air pollution but also water and soil pollution [211,212]. Moreover, factors such as maternal smoking [211,213,214], diet [211,214], maternal obesity [215], age [214,216], education [217], or parity [214] may affect their levels in breastmilk [218].…”

Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Zielińska

Hamułka

2019

IJERPH

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Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have confirmed that breastmilk’s protective effects outweigh its potential health risk to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission of pollutants.

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Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Zielińska

Hamułka

2019

IJERPH

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“…Another limitation was the small sample size; hence, replicating the study with a larger sample might also provide enhanced insight. However, in a previous study with a similar sample size, we were able to detect differences in the types and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the breast milk of obese and normal-weight women (Acharya et al, 2019). Additional research is needed to determine why we found no differences in PCBs between the two weight-defined groups in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Obesogenic Toxicants in Breast Milk of Lactating Women: Investigation of a Risk Factor for Childhood Obesity

Gautam

Rogge

Acharya

et al. 2020

Biological Research For Nursing

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Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), dispersed in all environmental compartments, are associated with increased adipogenesis and body weight. These lipophilic toxicants bioaccumulate in the human body and get transferred from mothers to their offspring via the placental circulation and breast milk. The current study was designed to compare polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations between obese and normal-weight lactating women. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation design was used to compare POP concentrations in breast milk samples of 24 obese and 21 normal-weight adult lactating women at their 2- to 8-week postpartum clinic visit. Concentrations of 12 specific PCB congeners and HCB were analyzed using high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Results: Of 12 targeted PCB congeners, 6 were detected in the breast milk samples of obese women compared to 3 in normal-weight lactating women. PCB presence was not significantly different between the obese and normal-weight groups. HCB was not detected in any of the breast milk samples for either group. Conclusions: This exploratory study revealed no statistically significant difference in the presence of PCBs in breast milk of obese mothers compared to that of normal-weight women. Therefore, fear of increased risk of transmission of these toxicants may not be a good reason to avoid breastfeeding. Results point to the need for a large-scale multicenter study that examines the effect of PCBs on breastfeeding, considering possible geographic variations of the examined phenomenon.

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“…The main characteristic of collected studies is shown in Table 1 s. The studies were done all over the world. The following rank order was obtained for study zones, namely Europe including Italy, Japan, and Canada (5 studies, 39%)> ( Kishikawa et al 2003 ) ( Del Bubba et al, 2005 , Yu et al, 2011 , Wheeler et al, 2014 , Ilo et al, 2017 ), Asia including Turkey, China, and India (4 studies, 30.7%) >( Madhavan and Naidu, 1995 , Cok et al, 2012 , Wang et al, 2018 , Asamoah et al, 2019 ), America including Mexico, the USA, and Louisville, KY (3 studies, 20%) and Africa including ( Kim et al, 2008 , Hunter et al, 2010 , Acharya et al, 2019 ) Egypt, (1 study, 7.2 %) ( Hegazy et al 2020 ). All articels were published between 1991 and 2020.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fate, transfer, and partitioning of PAHs between and within the environment part and eco-toxicological system depend on their different characteristics ( Bandowe et al 2014 ). Many different sources have been reported for the production of toxin PAHs compounds ( Baali et al, 2016 , Li et al, 2016 , Acharya et al, 2019 ). They can be formed by the discharge of the electrical currents that occur in paint, insulation products, and glue ( Lima et al 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mother milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment of infants

Khanverdiluo

Talebi-Ghane

Heshmati

et al. 2021

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Background Bio-monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants in mother milk is essential to keep mothers and infants healthy against potential risks. The current study assesses the concentration of PAHs in mother milk through a meta -analytic and systematic review approach. Methods All the published studies up to December 2020 regarding the concentrations of various PAHs in mother milk were searched throughout major international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Moreover, the possible carcinogenic and mutagenic risks to infants were evaluated based on the BaP (benzo[a]pyrenee) equivalent dose. Results According to the results of 13 articles included among 936 retrieved studies, the lowest and highest concentration of PAHs was (0.125 ng/g) and (76.36 ng/g) related to benz(a)anthracenem and 1-methylnaphthalene, respectively. The highest (9.830 ng/g) and lowest (0.009 ng/g) concentration of PAHs was related to Mexico and Japan, respectively. Besides, carcinogenetic and mutagenic risk assessment of the PAHs indicated that risk pattern was different across countries. It can be concluded that the consumption of mother milk is safe and does not pose a risk due to the ingestion of PAHs to the health of infant consumers.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk of obese vs normal women: Infant exposure and risk assessment

Cited by 40 publications

References 59 publications

Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Obesogenic Toxicants in Breast Milk of Lactating Women: Investigation of a Risk Factor for Childhood Obesity

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mother milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment of infants

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