Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and baby foods in Iran: An assessment of risk

Badibostan, Hasan; Feizy, Javad; Daraei, Bahram; Shoeibi, Shahram; Rajabnejad, Seyed Hossein; Asili, Javad; Taghizadeh, Seyedeh Faezeh; Giesy, John P.; Karimi, Gholamreza

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110640

Cited by 31 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Domfeh in 2021 measured PAHs in baby foods based on cereal and reported that the mean concentrations of ΣPAHs (15 PAHs), ΣPAH4 [BaA, chrysene (Ch), BaP, and benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF)], and BaP were 276.7 ± 256.2, 16.0 ± 32.2, and 5.0 ± 9.0 µg/kg, respectively (38). Badibostan et al measured four PAHs in baby food samples and reported that the mean level of BaP was ranged from nd to 0.73 ± 0.06 µg/kg, which was somewhat similar to our research (18). Soceanu et al measured 15 PAH compounds in baby food samples and reported that the mean level of total PAHs ranged from 2.52 ± 0.22 to 6.7 ± 0.375 µg/kg (that was higher than our outcomes) and the mean level of BaP was varied from <0.01 to 0.26 ± 0.00 µg/kg that was somewhat similar to our results (17).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Pah Compounds In Baby Foods Samplessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In recent years, cereal-based baby food has become a key part of a baby's daily diet. Regardless of cultural or religious concerns, baby meals and formulas have a high priority in strategies aiming at promoting good child health (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Therefore, due to the weakness of the child's immune system, it is necessary for the food used by this group to be constantly examined and evaluated for contaminants in order to pose a lower risk to them (16,17,21,22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Baby Food Samples in Tehran, Iran With Magnetic-Solid-Phase-Extraction and Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry Method: A Health Risk Assessment

et al. 2022

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Baby food is one of the most sensitive foods available, which is closely monitored for carcinogens. In this study, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were evaluated by using the method of magnetic-solid-phase-extraction and gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (MSPE/GC-MS). The recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of PAH compounds were 93.4–101.6%, 0.06–1.12, and 0.18–3.38 μg/kg, respectively. The results indicated the mean of total PAHs in all samples was 3.73 ± 0.8 μg/kg, and the mean of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 0.29 ± 0.14 μg/kg that were lower than the USA-Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level (1 μg/kg, BaP in baby foods). In addition, our results showed that mixed five cereal-based baby food had a maximum mean of ΣPAHs (5.06 ± 0.68 μg/kg) and mixed wheat and date-based baby food had a minimum mean of ΣPAHs (3.03 ± 0.41 μg/kg). The carcinogenic risk due to PAH in the tested baby foods sold in Iran was adequately low, and all examined products were safe for consumers. Therefore, it can be said that the consumption of baby foods does not pose a threat to consumers.

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Section: Evaluation Of Pah Compounds In Baby Foods Samplessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Baby Food Samples in Tehran, Iran With Magnetic-Solid-Phase-Extraction and Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry Method: A Health Risk Assessment

et al. 2022

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“…The authors found that benzopyrene was present in 64.3% of samples, chrysene in three samples, and fluoranthene in one sample. One product had a concentration of 1.43 μg/kg and that sample exceeded the maximum tolerable limit MTL (1 μg/kg) [ 79 ]. On the other hand, some of the studies under review deemed baby products to be safe as regards PAH [ 80 , 81 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers

2021

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Infants and toddlers are highly sensitive to contaminants in food. Chronic exposure can lead to developmental delays, disorders of the nervous, urinary and immune systems, and to cardiovascular disease. A literature review was conducted mainly in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases, and took into consideration papers published from October 2020 to March 2021. We focused on contaminant content, intake estimates, and exposure to contaminants most commonly found in foods consumed by infants and children aged 0.5–3 years. In the review, we included 83 publications with full access. Contaminants that pose a high health risk are toxic elements, acrylamide, bisphenol, and pesticide residues. Minor pollutants include: dioxins, mycotoxins, nitrates and nitrites, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to reduce the negative health effects of food contamination, it seems reasonable to educate parents to limit foods that are potentially dangerous for infants and young children. An appropriate varied diet, selected cooking techniques, and proper food preparation can increase the likelihood that the foods children consume are safe for their health. It is necessary to monitor food contamination, adhere to high standards at every stage of production, and improve the quality of food for children.

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“…Several studies investigated the presence of PAHs in milk, dairy, and baby [74,77,80,[112][113][114][115]. Fresh milk contamination is associated with environmental pollution, especially that produced by biomass burning.…”

Section: Milk Dairy and Baby Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings highlight a concerning health risk associated with the consumption of milk-based baby foods. Similarly, Badibostan et al [112] analyzed infant formulas, follow-on formulas, and baby foods obtained from Iranian markets. Although they did not detect BaP, one of the samples exceeded the limit of 1 µg/kg stipulated by the European Commission Regulation for PAH4 (1.43 µg/kg) [9].…”

Section: Milk Dairy and Baby Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation

Sampaio

Guizellini

Silva

et al. 2021

IJMS

163

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and baby foods in Iran: An assessment of risk

Cited by 31 publications

References 58 publications

Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Baby Food Samples in Tehran, Iran With Magnetic-Solid-Phase-Extraction and Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry Method: A Health Risk Assessment

Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Baby Food Samples in Tehran, Iran With Magnetic-Solid-Phase-Extraction and Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry Method: A Health Risk Assessment

Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation

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