Polyester Wax: A New Ribboning Embedding Medium for Histology

Steedman, Hilary

doi:10.1038/1791345a0

Cited by 207 publications

(109 citation statements)

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“…Histological Sectioning, Labeling, and Fluorescent Imaging of the Scaffolds : Scaffolds for histological section and analysis were embedded in polyester wax (VWR, UK) in a method modified from Steedman et al37 Scaffolds were embedded following incubation in a series of wax solutions maintained at 42 °C, first 30 min in 1:1 (v/v) polyester wax and ethanol, followed by two rounds of pure polyester wax for 30 min and 1 h, respectively. The scaffolds were then embedded vertically in polyester wax and allowed to set.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular and Versatile Spatial Functionalization of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds through Fiber‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization

Harrison

Steele

Chapman

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

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Native tissues are typically heterogeneous and hierarchically organized, and generating scaffolds that can mimic these properties is critical for tissue engineering applications. By uniquely combining controlled radical polymerization (CRP), end‐functionalization of polymers, and advanced electrospinning techniques, a modular and versatile approach is introduced to generate scaffolds with spatially organized functionality. Poly‐ε‐caprolactone is end functionalized with either a polymerization‐initiating group or a cell‐binding peptide motif cyclic Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser (cRGDS), and are each sequentially electrospun to produce zonally discrete bilayers within a continuous fiber scaffold. The polymerization‐initiating group is then used to graft an antifouling polymer bottlebrush based on poly(ethylene glycol) from the fiber surface using CRP exclusively within one bilayer of the scaffold. The ability to include additional multifunctionality during CRP is showcased by integrating a biotinylated monomer unit into the polymerization step allowing postmodification of the scaffold with streptavidin‐coupled moieties. These combined processing techniques result in an effective bilayered and dual‐functionality scaffold with a cell‐adhesive surface and an opposing antifouling non‐cell‐adhesive surface in zonally specific regions across the thickness of the scaffold, demonstrated through fluorescent labelling and cell adhesion studies. This modular and versatile approach combines strategies to produce scaffolds with tailorable properties for many applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular and Versatile Spatial Functionalization of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds through Fiber‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization

Harrison

Steele

Chapman

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

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“…After staining, tissues were fixed in assay buffer containing 4% formaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde then dehydrated in an ethanol series and embedded in Steedman's wax (polyethylene glycol 400 distearate/ 1-hexadecanol, [9:1, w/w]). 23 Embedded tissue was cut into 10 µm sections using a rotary microtome.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential expression and phylogenetic analysis suggest specialization of plastid-localized members of the PHT4 phosphate transporter family for photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues

Guo

Irigoyen

Fowler

et al. 2008

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Plastids rely on multiple phosphate (Pi) transport activities to support and control a wide range of metabolic processes, including photosynthesis and carbon partitioning. Five of the six members of the PHT4 family of Pi transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana (PHT4;1-PHT4;5) are confirmed or predicted plastid proteins. As a step towards identifying the roles of individual PHT4 Pi transporters in chloroplast and non-photosynthetic plastid Pi dynamics, we used promoter-reporter gene fusions and quantitative RT-PCR studies, respectively, to determine spatial and diurnal gene expression patterns. PHT4;1 and PHT4;4 were both expressed predominantly in photosynthetic tissues, although expression of PHT4;1 was circadian and PHT4;4 was induced by light. PHT4;3 and PHT4;5 were expressed mainly in leaf phloem. PHT4;2 was expressed throughout the root, and exhibited a diurnal pattern with peak transcript levels in the dark. The remaining member of this gene family, PHT4;6, encodes a Golgi-localized protein and was expressed ubiquitously. The overlapping but distinct expression patterns for these genes suggest specialized roles for the encoded transporters in multiple types of differentiated plastids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conservation of each of the orthologous members of the PHT4 family in Arabidopsis and rice, which is consistent with specialization, and suggests that the individual members of this transporter family diverged prior to the divergence of monocots and dicots. IntroductionDynamic control of stromal inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels is central to the specialized metabolic functions of differentiated plastids. Notably, the concentration of Pi in the chloroplast stroma is tightly coordinated with environmental conditions to modulate both photosynthesis and the subsequent partitioning of fixed carbon. 1,2 Pi concentrations in amyloplasts also are held within a critical limit to prevent inhibition of starch biosynthesis. 3 For each plastid type, Pi concentrations are controlled through a combination of metabolic recycling in the stroma and surrounding cytosol, and the transport of Pi across the plastid limiting membrane. Recent data suggest that similar processes also link the Pi status of the chloroplast stroma and thylakoid lumen. 4 Plastidic Pi transport is generally attributed to members of the plastidic phosphate translocator (pPT) family. 5 These proteins are located in the inner envelope membrane and mediate strict counterexchange of Pi for phosphorylated C3, C5 or C6 compounds. The triose phosphate/Pi translocator (TPT) was the first pPT protein to be identified, and it is expressed almost exclusively in photosynthetic tissues where it catalyzes transport of cytosolic Pi into the chloroplast in exchange for triose phosphates, the end products of photosynthesis. 6 This activity represents the major pathway for carbon allocation to the cytosol during the day as well as the primary route for Pi import into the chloroplast. Related members of the pPT family include the phosphoenolpyruvate/Pi translocator...

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“…The tissue blocks were embedded in low temperature paraffin (melting point, 37°C) (20) from which 4-m sections were prepared. Hematoxylin-eosin stains were made and read at ϫ200 magnification using an Olympus BX-50 microscope (Olympus, New Hyde Park, NY).…”

Section: Histological Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockade of CD14 Increases Shigella-Mediated Invasion and Tissue Destruction

Wennerås

Avé

Huerre

et al. 2000

The Journal of Immunology

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Shigella is a diarrheal pathogen that causes disease through invasion of the large intestinal mucosa. The endotoxin of the invading bacterium may play a key role in the disease process by causing inflammation and tissue injury during infection. Earlier studies have shown that various animal species lacking functional CD14 were protected against endotoxin-mediated shock. Rabbits experimentally infected with Shigella were used to test the hypothesis that blockade of endotoxin-induced cell activation with anti-CD14 mAb would diminish inflammation and thus disease severity. Unexpectedly, we observed that the intestinal mucosa of anti-CD14-treated animals exhibited a 50-fold increase in bacterial invasion and more severe tissue injury compared with controls. Despite higher bacterial loads in treated animals, the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes that were recruited to the infection site were similar to those in controls. Furthermore, the phagocytic cells of CD14-blocked animals produced IL-1 and TNF-α. Moreover, in vitro blockade of CD14 did not impede bactericidal activity. Thus, anti-CD14 treatment interfered with host defense mechanisms involved with removal/eradication of Shigella.

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Polyester Wax: A New Ribboning Embedding Medium for Histology

Cited by 207 publications

References 0 publications

Modular and Versatile Spatial Functionalization of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds through Fiber‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization

Modular and Versatile Spatial Functionalization of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds through Fiber‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization

Differential expression and phylogenetic analysis suggest specialization of plastid-localized members of the PHT4 phosphate transporter family for photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues

Blockade of CD14 Increases Shigella-Mediated Invasion and Tissue Destruction

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