Polyhalogenated Compounds (Halogenated Natural Products and POPs) in Sardine (Sardinops sagax) from the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans

Abstract

Halogenated natural products (HNPs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were quantified in South African sardines (Sardinops sagax) from one site in the South Atlantic Ocean and one in the Indian Ocean. At both sites, HNPs [2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1), mixed halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA), 2′-MeO-BDE 68 (BC-2), and 6-MeO-BDE 47 (BC-3)] were 1 order of magnitude higher concentrated than anthropogenic POPs [mainly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), ∼3 ng/g lipids]. MHC-1 and Q1 were the major HNPs in the samples from both sites, contributing with up to 49 and 52 ng/g lipids, respectively. The same 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis­(4-chlorophenyl)­ethane (p,p′-DDE)/PCB ratio suggested that the major POPs were evenly distributed at both sites. Different ratios of Q1/MHC-1 in the samples from the Indian (∼2:1) and South Atlantic (∼1:1) Oceans indicated that the occurrence of HNPs in seafood is difficult to predict and should be investigated more in detail. The PCB levels in sardines were found to pose no risk to human consumers, whereas HNPs could not be evaluated because of the lack of toxicological data.

High levels of halogenated natural products in large pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean

“…In agreement with this, POP concentrations in Seychelles swordfish were similar to those found in lower trophic level biota from South Africa coast (Wu et al 2020b ). Moreover, PCB 153 (0.5–2.6 ng/g lw) and p,p´ -DDE (1.8–26 ng/g lw) were the predominant anthropogenic pollutants in most swordfish muscle samples (Munschy et al 2020 ) (Table S3 ).…”

“…S4a,b). The same BrCl 6 -MBP and Br 2 Cl 5 -MBPs pattern was also found in sardines and chokka squid from South African coast (South Indian Ocean) (Wu et al 2019(Wu et al , 2020b, indicating that production of Q1 and PMBPs was similar in larger parts of the Indian Ocean. Interestingly, highly brominated PMBPs (Br 3 Cl 4 -MBP and Br 5 Cl 2 -MBP) were detected in low amounts in swordfish but not in other samples (Fig.…”

“…Typically, contaminant evaluations are based on a number of samples from the same region, which are considered representative for a wider area. In the case of HNPs, positions of hotspots are currently very difficult to predict (Hauler et al 2014 ; Wu et al 2020b ). Lower concentrations in highly migratory and opportunistic predator species at a given location could then be the result of both a more efficient metabolism of HNPs but also a diluting effect caused by the intake of various diet items (e.g., fish, cephalopod, crustaceans) from different areas.…”

“…1j, k )) in the muscle and liver of Seychelles swordfish. Since HNP levels may vary strongly within short distances (Hauler et al 2014 ; Malmvärn et al 2005 ; Vetter et al 2009 ) and across different species (Wu et al 2019 , 2020b ), we then compared HNP and POP concentrations in swordfish with those in individual samples of other fish species from the same habitat. Samples analysed included three tropical tuna species (yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna and skipjack tuna) and one newborn silky shark.…”

Marine and Anthropogenic Bromopyrroles Alter Cellular Ca2+ Dynamics of Murine Cortical Neuronal Networks by Targeting the Ryanodine Receptor and Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase

“…Biomonitoring studies have identified MOHs similar in the chemical structure to their anthropogenic counterparts in marine mammals, − commercially important fish, Antarctic air, and seabirds and their eggs. , MOHs have also been detected in human tissue samples, although the health impacts of such exposures are unknown . The increasingly wide distribution of MOHs, including elevated levels of volatile brominated alkanes such as bromoform, is likely to be driven by climate change along with increased anthropogenic sources, increasing the risk of negative impacts on global food webs, as well as humans and wildlife health …”