Polyketide derivatives active against Botrytis cinerea in Gerbera hybrida

Koskela, Satu; Söderholm, Paivi; Ainasoja, Miia; Wennberg, Tero; Klika, Karel D.; Ovcharenko, Vladimir V.; Kylänlahti, Irene; Auerma, Tiina; Yli‐Kauhaluoma, Jari; Pihlaja, Kalevi; Vuorela, Pia; Teeri, Teemu H.

doi:10.1007/s00425-010-1277-8

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…To proceed in the analysis of the gerberin ⁄ parasoboside pathway, a suitable VIGS reporter is yet to be identified. Gerberin and parasorboside are synthesized also in floral tissues (Koskela et al, 2011), and from this pointof-view, GCHS1 could be used for VIGS, but as it is highly similar to G2PS1, cross down-regulation may be another obstacle. In conclusion, we have shown that TRV VIGS can be implemented for assessing gene functions in gerbera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, gerbera tissues are rich in many unique secondary metabolites, such as gerberin and parasorboside, which are important in protecting the plant against microbial attack and insect herbivores (Eckermann et al. , 1998; Koskela et al. , 2011; Ulla Anttila et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Already two decades of flower developmental studies have turned gerbera into a true Asteraceae model (Broholm et al, 2008;Elomaa et al, 1993Elomaa et al, , 1998Helariutta et al, 1996;Kotilainen et al, 2000;Laitinen et al, 2005;Tä htiharju et al, 2012;Uimari et al, 2004;Yu et al, 1999). Furthermore, gerbera tissues are rich in many unique secondary metabolites, such as gerberin and parasorboside, which are important in protecting the plant against microbial attack and insect herbivores (Eckermann et al, 1998;Koskela et al, 2011;Ulla Anttila et al, unpublished results). The highthroughput genomic techniques (Laitinen et al, 2005) and ongoing large-scale sequencing efforts are constantly increasing the available collections of gerbera EST sequences (Teemu Teeri and Paula Elomaa, unpublished) and require efficient approaches to identify the functions of the corresponding genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virus‐induced gene silencing for Asteraceae—a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics inGerbera hybrida

Deng

Elomaa

Nguyen

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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SummaryVirus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a natural defence mechanism in plants which leads to sequence-specific degradation of viral RNA. For identifying gene functions, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS has been applied for silencing of endogenous genes in many plant species. Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) has emerged as a novel model for studies in flower development and secondary metabolism. For this highly heterozygous species, functional studies have been conducted through reverse genetic methods by producing stable transgenic lines, which, however, is labour-intensive and time-consuming. For the development of TRVbased VIGS system for gerbera, and for the first time for an Asteraceaeous species, we screened several gerbera cultivars and optimized the agroinfiltration methods for efficient silencing. Gene fragments for gerbera phytoene desaturase (GPDS) and Mg-chelatase subunits (GChl-H and GChl-I), expressed from a TRV vector, induced silencing phenotypes in leaves, scapes, and involucral bracts indicating their feasibility as markers for green tissues. In addition, robust silencing symptoms were achieved in gerbera floral tissues by silencing the anthocyanin pathway gene for chalcone synthase (GCHS1) and a gerbera B-type MADS-box gene globosa (GGLO1), confirming the phenotypes previously observed in stable transgenic lines. Unexpectedly, photobleaching induced by GPDS and GChl-H or GChl-I silencing, or by the herbicide norflurazon, resulted in silencing of the polyketide synthase gene G2PS1, which has no apparent connections to carotenoid or chlorophyll biosynthesis. We have shown feasibility of VIGS for functional studies in gerbera, but our results also show that selection of the marker gene for silencing must be critically evaluated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virus‐induced gene silencing for Asteraceae—a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics inGerbera hybrida

Deng

Elomaa

Nguyen

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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“…According to the degree of oxidation and saturation of the central pyran ring, flavonoids are classified into many subgroups, such as chalcones, flavones, flavonols, flavandiols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins (Winkel-Shirley, 2001). Flavonoids possess significant and diverse biological functions, including protection against UV radiation, defense against phytopathogens and herbivores, regulation of auxin transport, and signaling between plants and microbes, and, importantly, they are major pigments for flowers, fruits, seeds, and leaves (Stafford, 1991;Mol et al, 1998;Winkel-Shirley, 2002;Bradshaw & Schemske, 2003;Koskela et al, 2011;Ferreyra et al, 2012;Jaakola, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional diversification of duplicated chalcone synthase genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Gerbera hybrida

et al. 2013

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SummaryChalcone synthase (CHS) is the key enzyme in the first committed step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the stepwise condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to naringenin chalcone. In plants, CHS is often encoded by a small family of genes that are temporally and spatially regulated. Our earlier studies have shown that GCHS4 is highly activated by ectopic expression of an MYB-type regulator GMYB10 in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida).The tissue-and development-specific expression patterns of three gerbera CHS genes were examined. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to knock down GCHS1 and GCHS4 separately in gerbera inflorescences.Our data show that GCHS4 is the only CHS encoding gene that is expressed in the cyanidin-pigmented vegetative tissues of gerbera cv Terraregina. GCHS3 expression is pronounced in the pappus bristles of the flowers. Expression of both GCHS1 and GCHS4 is high in the epidermal cells of gerbera petals, but only GCHS1 is contributing to flavonoid biosynthesis.Gerbera contains a family of three CHS encoding genes showing different spatial and temporal regulation. GCHS4 expression in gerbera petals is regulated post-transcriptionally, at the level of either translation elongation or protein stability.

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“…It has been suggested that HMC is synthesized via a pentaketide (Inoue et al ., ) (Figure b), but the enzymes responsible for the synthesis are not known. HMC and aglycones of gerberin and parasorboside are involved in defense against Botrytis cinerea infection in gerbera (Koskela et al ., ). Especially HMC showed strong antifungal activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Two polyketide synthases are necessary for 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methylcoumarin biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida

et al. 2016

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Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is an economically important ornamental species and a model plant of the Asteraceae family for flower development and secondary metabolism. Gerberin and parasorboside, two bitter tasting glucosidic lactones, are produced in high amounts in nearly all gerbera tissues. Gerbera and its close relatives also produce a rare coumarin, 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin (HMC). Unlike most coumarins, 5-methylcoumarins have been suggested to be derived through the acetate-malonate pathway. All of these polyketide-derived glucosylated molecules are considered to have a role in defense against herbivores and phytopathogens in gerbera. Gerbera expresses three genes encoding 2-pyrone synthases (G2PS1-3). The enzymes are chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthases with altered starter substrate specificity. We have shown previously that G2PS1 is responsible for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor of gerberin and parasorboside. Here we show that polyketide synthases G2PS2 and G2PS3 are necessary for the biosynthesis of HMC in gerbera, and that a reductase enzyme is likely required to complete the pathway to HMC. G2PS2 is expressed in the leaf blade and inflorescences of gerbera, while G2PS3 is strictly root specific. Heterologous expression of G2PS2 or G2PS3 in tobacco leads to the formation of 4,7-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumarin, apparently an unreduced precursor of HMC, while ectopic expression in gerbera leads to HMC formation in tissues where nontransgenic tissue does not express the genes and does not accumulate the compound. Using protein modelling and site-directed mutagenesis we identified the residues I203 and T344 in G2PS2 and G2PS3 to be critical for pentaketide synthase activity.

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Polyketide derivatives active against Botrytis cinerea in Gerbera hybrida

Cited by 24 publications

References 64 publications

Virus‐induced gene silencing for Asteraceae—a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics inGerbera hybrida

Virus‐induced gene silencing for Asteraceae—a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics inGerbera hybrida

Functional diversification of duplicated chalcone synthase genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Gerbera hybrida

Two polyketide synthases are necessary for 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methylcoumarin biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida

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