Polyketide Synthase Genes from Marine Dinoflagellates

Snyder, Richard V.; Gibbs, Patrick D.L.; Palacios, A.; Abiy, Lidet W.; Dickey, Robert; Lopez, Jose V.; Rein, Kathleen S.

doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0077-y

Cited by 90 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…OA and DTXs are polyketide toxins that share a common structure of these metabolites—cyclic polyether. Snyder et al reported that P. lima contains PKSI and PKSII , whereas P. hoffmanianum contains only PKSI , indicating that DSP toxins production may be strongly associated with PKS [132]. The PKSI sequence of P. lima has been determined, and the translated amino-acid sequence appears to be 99% similar to that of P. micans [133].…”

Section: Putative Mechanism Of Dsp Toxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives

Lee

Fong

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed.

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Section: Putative Mechanism Of Dsp Toxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives

Lee

Fong

et al. 2016

Toxins

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“…Snyder et al [116] screened for the presence of PKS β-ketosynthase genes by degenerate PCR, using cDNA from nine dinoflagellates strains representing seven species. A single type II PKS sequence was detected in the okadaic acid producing dinoflagellate P. lima , whereas type I PKS sequences were detected in seven strains, which represented six species (Table 1).…”

Section: Phycotoxin Biosynthesis Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the PKS-positive strains, only three strains were confirmed polyketide producers. The remaining strains have not been tested, but some of them were likely polyketide producer strains [116–118]. Only A. operculatum CCMP121 and A. carterae did not yield any PKS sequences.…”

Section: Phycotoxin Biosynthesis Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PCR methods employed in the study by Snyder et al [116] did not distinguish between sequences of dinoflagellate-, or associated bacteria origin. PKS genes were not expressed after light-deprivation and Southern hybridization with PKS-specific probes was positive for DNA isolated from dinoflagellate, but not for DNA isolated from associated bacteria [116]. Phylogenetic analysis did not reveal information regarding the evolutionary origin of dinoflagellate KS sequences.…”

Section: Phycotoxin Biosynthesis Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates

et al. 2010

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Marine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing the pharmacology of these toxins, there is limited or no knowledge regarding the biochemistry and molecular genetics involved in their biosynthesis. Recently, however, exciting advances have been made. Expressed sequence tag sequencing studies have revealed important insights into the transcriptomes of dinoflagellates, whereas other studies have implicated polyketide synthase genes in the biosynthesis of cyclic polyether toxins, and the molecular genetic basis for the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins has been elucidated in cyanobacteria. This review summarises the recent progress that has been made regarding the unusual genomes of dinoflagellates, the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of dinoflagellate toxins. In addition, the evolution of these metabolic pathways will be discussed, and an outlook for future research and possible applications is provided.

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“…Labeling studies for brevetoxin A [32], brevetoxin B [31,33] and yessotoxin [36] together with recent genetic analyses [37–39] have provided some insight into their polyketide origin. However, these studies failed to shed light on the proposed subsequent epoxidation and cyclization steps.…”

Section: Ladder Polyethersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Marine Polycyclic Polyethers via Endo-Selective Epoxide-Opening Cascades

Vilotijević

Jamison

2010

Marine Drugs

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The proposed biosynthetic pathways to ladder polyethers of polyketide origin and oxasqualenoids of terpenoid origin share a dramatic epoxide-opening cascade as a key step. Polycyclic structures generated in these biosynthetic pathways display biological effects ranging from potentially therapeutic properties to extreme lethality. Much of the structural complexity of ladder polyether and oxasqualenoid natural products can be traced to these hypothesized cascades. In this review we summarize how such epoxide-opening cascade reactions have been used in the synthesis of ladder polyethers and oxasqualenoid natural products.

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Polyketide Synthase Genes from Marine Dinoflagellates

Cited by 90 publications

References 31 publications

The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives

The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives

Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates

Synthesis of Marine Polycyclic Polyethers via Endo-Selective Epoxide-Opening Cascades

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