Polymer Gel Dosimeters with Increased Solubility: A Preliminary Investigation of the NMR and Optical Dose‐Response Using Different Crosslinkers and Co‐Solvents

Koeva, V I; Csaszar, E.; Senden, Robert J.; McAuley, Kimberley B.; Schreiner, L J

doi:10.1002/masy.200850121

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The solubility of the crosslinker Bis in the gel is limited to approximately 3% in weight relative to the total weight of the gel (w/w). The solubility of the crosslinker in gel can be further increased by the addition of co-solvents (Koeva et al 2008). This finding appeared to be independent of scanning temperature.…”

Section: Fundamental Principles Of Polymer Gel Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer gel dosimetry

et al. 2010

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Polymer gel dosimeters are fabricated from radiation sensitive chemicals which, upon irradiation, polymerize as a function of the absorbed radiation dose. These gel dosimeters, with the capacity to uniquely record the radiation dose distribution in three-dimensions (3D), have specific advantages when compared to one-dimensional dosimeters, such as ion chambers, and two-dimensional dosimeters, such as film. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry situations where steep dose gradients exist such as in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery. Polymer gel dosimeters also have specific advantages for brachytherapy dosimetry. Potential dosimetry applications include those for low-energy x-rays, high-linear energy transfer (LET) and proton therapy, radionuclide and boron capture neutron therapy dosimetries. These 3D dosimeters are radiologically soft-tissue equivalent with properties that may be modified depending on the application. The 3D radiation dose distribution in polymer gel dosimeters may be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical-computerized tomography (optical-CT), x-ray CT or ultrasound. The fundamental science underpinning polymer gel dosimetry is reviewed along with the various evaluation techniques. Clinical dosimetry applications of polymer gel dosimetry are also presented.

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Section: Fundamental Principles Of Polymer Gel Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer gel dosimetry

et al. 2010

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“…On the other hand, the linearity is the goodness of fit of this experimental data for this gel composition, i.e. 0.997 [8], [9], [19], [27]. The linearity indicates the linear relationship to ensure accurate measurement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The linear correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) was evaluated from the dose response curve. The slope of the dose response curve denoted the sensitivity [8] , [14] , [24] , [35] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Composition Interactions on the Dose Response of an N-Isopropylacrylamide Gel Dosimeter

Chang

Hsieh²

2012

PLoS ONE

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In this study, a two-level full factorial design was used to identify the effects of the interactions between compositions in an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) gel dosimeter involving the following variables: (A) gelatin, (B) NIPAM, (C) the crosslinker N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (Bis), and (D) the antioxidant tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC). The dose range was from 0 Gy to 5 Gy. Optical computed tomography was used to scan the polymer gel dosimeter. Each component was set to two levels for all four variables, including (A) 4% and 6%, (B) 4% and 6%, (C) 2% and 4%, as well as (D) 5 and 15 mM. Response surface methodology and a central composite design were adopted for the quantitative investigation of the respective interaction effects on the dose response curve of the gel. The results showed that the contributions of the interaction effects, i.e., AB (6.22%), AC (8.38%), AD (7.74%), BC (9.44%), ABC (18.24%), BCD (12.66%), and ABCD (13.4%), were greater than those of the four main effects, accounting for over 76.08% of the total variability. These results also indicated that the NIPAM gel recipe with the highest sensitivity was at 40%C (mass fraction of Bis).

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“…As a result, recently different materials have been proposed as a substitution to BIS in polymer gel recipe. 9 All tested candidates for replacing BIS provided low dose response factors in comparison with the standard polymer gel recipe containing BIS, except N,N’-ethylene-bisacrylamide with similar dosimetric characteristics to BIS, nevertheless it is much more expensive than BIS. Therefore, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide is still considered as an integral component of polymer gels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparison of non-electrophoresis grade with electrophoresis grade BIS in NIPAM polymer gel preparation

Khodadadi

Khajeali²,

Farajollahi

et al. 2017

Bioimpacts

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Introduction:The main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing electrophoresis cross-linker with non-electrophoresis N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) in N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) polymer gel and its possible effect on dose response. Methods: NIPAM polymer gel was prepared from non-electrophoresis grade BIS and the relaxation rate (R2) was measured by MR imaging after exposing the gel to gamma radiation from Co-60 source. To compare the response of this gel with the one that contains electrophoresis grade BIS, two sets of NIPAM gel were prepared using electrophoresis and non-electrophoresis BIS and irradiated to different gamma doses. Results: It was found that the dose–response of NIPAM gel made from the non-electrophoresis grade BIS is coincident with that of electrophoresis grade BIS. Conclusion:Taken all, it can be concluded that the non-electrophoresis grade BIS not only is a suitable alternative for the electrophoresis grade BIS but also reduces the cost of gel due to its lower price.

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Polymer Gel Dosimeters with Increased Solubility: A Preliminary Investigation of the NMR and Optical Dose‐Response Using Different Crosslinkers and Co‐Solvents

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Polymer gel dosimetry

Polymer gel dosimetry

Effect of Composition Interactions on the Dose Response of an N-Isopropylacrylamide Gel Dosimeter

Comparison of non-electrophoresis grade with electrophoresis grade BIS in NIPAM polymer gel preparation

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