Polymer Hydrogels and Frontal Polymerization: A Winning Coupling

Abstract

Polymer hydrogels are 3D networks consisting of hydrophilic crosslinked macromolecular chains, allowing them to swell and retain water. Since their invention in the 1960s, they have become an outstanding pillar in the design, development, and application of engineered polymer systems suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (such as drug or cell delivery, the regeneration of hard and soft tissues, wound healing, and bleeding prevention, among others). Despite several well-established synthetic routes for developing polymer hydrogels based on batch polymerization techniques, about fifteen years ago, researchers started to look for alternative methods involving simpler reaction paths, shorter reaction times, and lower energy consumption. In this context, frontal polymerization (FP) has undoubtedly become an alternative and efficient reaction model that allows for the conversion of monomers into polymers via a localized and propagating reaction—by means of exploiting the formation and propagation of a “hot” polymerization front—able to self-sustain and propagate throughout the monomeric mixture. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the main research outcomes achieved during the last few years concerning the design, preparation, and application of FP-derived polymeric hydrogels, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the obtainment of functional 3D networks and providing the reader with some perspectives for the forthcoming years.

Frontal Polymerization for the Rapid Obtainment of Polymer Composites

“…Moreover, despite the exothermic requirements of the polymerization being respected, not all the descending fronts can be considered stable. In fact, if the polymer is liquid at the front temperature and/or is soluble in the underlying monomer, the front can be destroyed by fingering: 12 the hot polymer drips into the cold monomer, removing heat from the propagating front and triggering bulk polymerization within the monomer itself.…”