Polymer lead pencil graphite as electrode material: Voltammetric, XPS and Raman study

Navrátil, Rudolf; Kotzianová, Adéla; Halouzka, Vladimír; Opletal, Tomáš; Třísková, Iveta; Trnková, Libuše; Hrbáč, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.030

Cited by 85 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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Section: Edx and Xps Analysissupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Quantitatively, Pentel Hi-Polymer E pencil lead elemental composition significantly differs from Koh-i-Noor and Staedtler leads, which both use clay-like binder containing sulfur. These findings are in good agreement with the results presented in [10]. The EDX spectra were obtained from two different spots for each type of pencil lead, from the side surface of the rod and from the rod axis after breaking off a small piece of it.…”

Section: Edx and Xps Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The pencil leads were also thoroughly investigated using EDX and XPS with the aim to obtain complex information about both the surface and the bulk properties. Compositional analysis of different carbon leads was presented originally by Kariuki [17] and Navratil et al [10].…”

Section: Edx and Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Main characteristics of polymer graphite which could be convenient for usage in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) are: heat resistance, considerable durability, resistance to mechanical and hydraulic stress, and, last but not least, corrosion resistance [8]. Also, it has been previously reported that polymer graphite 2 of 12 contains up to 80% of sp 3 hybridized carbon, moving its properties more towards graphene-based structure [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymer Graphite Pencil Lead as a Cheap Alternative for Classic Conductive SPM Probes

et al. 2019

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This paper presents polymer graphite (PG) as a novel material for the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) probe. Conductive PG is a relatively modern nanocomposite material used for micro-pencil refills containing a polymer-based binding agent and graphite flakes. Its high conductivity and immunity against surface contamination, with a low price, make it seem like a highly suitable material for electrode manufacturing in general. For the tip production, three methods were developed and are further described in the paper. For the production, three commercially available polymer graphite rods were used. Each has been discussed in terms of performance within the tunneling microscope and within other potential applications.

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Section: Edx and Xps Analysissupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Edx and Xps Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Edx and Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Polymer Graphite Pencil Lead as a Cheap Alternative for Classic Conductive SPM Probes

et al. 2019

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“…Several groups have drawn attention to differences between pencils of different grade, which determines the clay/graphite ratio, and from different manufactures, which both should be taken into account when working with this kind of electrodes. Detailed information regarding composition and electrochemical behavior of different pencil leads can be found in the literature [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pencil Lead as a Material for Microfluidic 3D-Electrode Assemblies

Nery

Kundys

Furuya

et al. 2018

Sensors

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We present an electrochemical, microfluidic system with a working electrode based on an ordered 3D array of pencil leads. The electrode array was integrated into a plexiglass/PDMS channel. We tested the setup using a simple redox probe and compared the results with computer simulations. As a proof of concept application of the device we showed that the setup can be used for determination of dopamine concentration in physiological pH and ultrasensitive, although only qualitative, detection of p-nitrophenol with a limit of detection below 1 nmol L−1. The observed limit of detection for p-nitrophenol is not only much lower than achieved with similar methods but also sufficient for evaluation of exposure to pesticides such as methyl parathion through urinalysis. This low cost setup can be fabricated without the need for clean room facilities and in the future, due to the ordered structure of the electrode could be used to better understand the process of electroanalysis and electrode functionalization. To the best of our knowledge it is the first application of pencil leads as 3D electrochemical sensor in a microfluidic channel.

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Pencil Powered Faradaic Electrode for Lithium‐Ion Capacitors with High Energy and Wide Temperature Operation

Lathika

Lee

Aravindan

2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are considered next-generation energy storage devices that combine the goodness of both Liion batteries and electric double-layer capacitors. In this work, LIC is assembled with electrochemically pre-lithiated (LiC 6 ) pencil graphite (PG, 1B&4H grades) as anode and activated carbon (AC) as the cathode. PG grades, naturally available graphite silica composite materials, are characterized, and the electrochemical performance is studied in half-cell assembly for 14 grades. PG grades in the middle of the hardness scale demonstrated better electrochemical activity than the end compositions, representing the involvement of graphite and silica's role in overall performance. However, it is observed that SiO 2 /clay component in PG material is to provide only mechanical support to the system considering the inactiveness of SiO 2 towards Li storage. The assembled LICs (AC/PG 1B LIC) & (AC/PG 4B LIC) delivered maximum energy density of ~172 & ~162 Wh kg À 1 , respectively, with long-term stability under balanced mass loading conditions. Besides ambient temperature, the LICs exhibited stable performance at low (À 5 and 10 °C) and high-temperature (50 °C) conditions. The outstanding electrochemical performance of PG material in LIC assembly indicates the choice of pencil's aptness in energy storage devices.

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Polymer lead pencil graphite as electrode material: Voltammetric, XPS and Raman study

Cited by 85 publications

References 41 publications

Polymer Graphite Pencil Lead as a Cheap Alternative for Classic Conductive SPM Probes

Polymer Graphite Pencil Lead as a Cheap Alternative for Classic Conductive SPM Probes

Pencil Lead as a Material for Microfluidic 3D-Electrode Assemblies

Pencil Powered Faradaic Electrode for Lithium‐Ion Capacitors with High Energy and Wide Temperature Operation

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