Polymeric Antimicrobial Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Abstract

Biocidal coatings that are based on quaternized ammonium copolymers were developed after blending and crosslinking and studied as a function of the ratio of reactive groups and the type of biocidal groups, after curing at room temperature or 120 • C. For this purpose, two series of copolymers with complementary reactive groups, poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-acrylic acid), P(VBC-co-AAx), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate), P(SSNa-co-GMAx), were synthesized via free radical copolymerization and further modified resulting in covalently bound (4-vinylbenzyl dimethylhexadecylammonium chloride, VBCHAM) and electrostatically attached (hexadecyltrimethylammonium 4-styrene sulfonate, SSAmC 16) units. The crosslinking reaction between the carboxylic group of acrylic acid (AA) and the epoxide group of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) of these copolymers led to the stabilization of the coatings through reactive blending. The so developed coatings were cured at room temperature and 120 • C, and then immersed in ultra-pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions at various concentrations for a time period up to three months. Visual inspection of the integrity of the materials coated onto glass slides, gravimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization, as well as the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) of the solutions, were used to investigate the parameters affecting the release of the materials from the coatings based on these systems. The results revealed that curing temperature, complementary reactive groups' content, and type of antimicrobial species control the release levels and the nature of releasable species of these environmentally-friendly antimicrobial coatings.

Influence of different phosphoric acids before application of universal adhesive on the dental enamel

“…ETCH‐37 with BAC (Bisco) acid is composed of 37% phosphoric acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl‐C8‐18‐alkyldimenthyl, and chlorides. These last three elements act together as a family of antimicrobial compounds; the quaternary ammonium compound is a water‐soluble element, which is presumed to be removed in the rinse; 8 and 18 carbon alkyl chains have antimicrobial power; benzalkonium chloride develops zones of bacterial inhibition of up to 7 mm, specifically with Actinomyces viscosus 31,32 . In addition, a water‐soluble polysaccharide, xanthin gum; its included in the acid components.…”

Polymeric Coatings Based on Water-Soluble Trimethylammonium Copolymers for Antifouling Applications

“…The main goal of this study is the production of durable hydrophilic coatings for antifouling seawater applications. Taking advantage of our previous knowledge on the cross-linking reaction of the carboxyl group with the epoxy group after heat treatment at 120 • C [9,25], the two complementary copolymers P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20)/P(DMAm-co-GMA30) were blended in water and cured at 120 • C for one day in order to form crosslinked polymeric coatings (Scheme 2). Since the nets that were used in this work are composed from Nylon, such conditions can be easily applied.…”

“…In contrast, FR coatings are mainly composed from very hydrophobic polymers with low energy that reduces the ability of biomolecules to interact strongly with the surface. The most widely used materials for FR coatings are based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fluorinated materials [8][9][10][11]. However, due to the fact that these coatings suffer from several disadvantages, they are usually combined with hydrophilic components leading to amphiphilic surfaces with improved performance [12,13].…”

“…These membranes presented strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa, while when applied as coatings on aquaculture nets exhibited high antifouling action as compared to the blank net, for a period of up to 35 days. This methodology was investigated in more detail in order to get a deeper understanding of the release behavior of these systems [9]. An interesting observation in both works was that the release rate in salt solution was maintained in much lower levels than in pure water, offering an additional advantage for potential antifouling applications in sea water.…”

Quantification of the distribution of cetylpyridinium chloride on the external and internal surfaces of montmorillonite: Relevance in antifungal activity assessment

“…In order to improve the biocidal activity of materials and their lifespan, current research focuses on materials with simultaneous biocidal action: contact killing and released based biocidal action [7,8]. In this sense, the biocide could be supported by a solid matrix to encapsulate the molecules, improving product quality by delaying its degradation and providing a controlled biocide release [9].…”