Polymeric Nanomicelles: A Potential Hazard for the Cardiovascular System?

Polymer nanocarriers for MicroRNA delivery

“…Composition will dictate whether the miRNA is loaded on the surface of the carrier or encapsulated within the carrier, and it will also dictate the degradation profile (if any), as well as the rate of cargo release. Metalbased NPs, [56][57][58][59] liposomes, 50,86,87 polymer nanocarriers [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] (including polymer NPs, polyplexes, and dendrimers), lipid NPs, 96,97 hydrogels, 98-100 and more have been explored for the delivery of siRNA and miRNA. The benefits and limitations of lipid NPs and liposomes and of metal NPs as miRNA delivery vehicles have been reviewed elsewhere.…”

“…In some cases, this leads to RNA loading within the PLGA NP core, 120 while in others the RNA is bound to the exterior of the PLGA NP. 92 In an alternative approach, copolymers of PEI-PLGA, 93 PLL-PLGA, 121 or PLA-PLGA 122 can be used to synthesize miRNA-loaded NPs. With these various formulations, encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 78.3% 120 up to 95.1% 92 have been reported.…”

“…showing they could deliver miR-150 mimics to pancreatic cancer cells to reduce cell motility and invasion 120 and Wang et al demonstrating they could deliver miR-542-3p to TNBC cells to promote apoptosis by activating p53 and inhibiting survivin expression. 93 Notably, Wang et al co-encapsulated doxorubicin in their NPs, which were coated with hyaluronic acid to target CD44 receptors on TNBC cells, and showed that they could increase drug uptake and cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells as compared with MCF7 cells that have low CD44 expression. 93 Excitingly, several other PLGA NP miRNA nanocarriers have achieved in vivo success.…”

“…93 Notably, Wang et al co-encapsulated doxorubicin in their NPs, which were coated with hyaluronic acid to target CD44 receptors on TNBC cells, and showed that they could increase drug uptake and cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells as compared with MCF7 cells that have low CD44 expression. 93 Excitingly, several other PLGA NP miRNA nanocarriers have achieved in vivo success. For example, PLGA NPs have been used to treat multiple myeloma via miR-34a delivery, 92 hepatic carcinoma via miR-99a delivery, 121 and colon cancer via miR-204 delivery 122 in murine models.…”

Phagocytosis of Polymeric Nanoparticles Aided Activation of Macrophages to Induce Atherosclerotic Plaques in Apoe-/- Mice 

“…Nanoparticles may accumulate within the human body through inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, and injection [3,4] . The biological safety of nanomaterials has received widespread attention due to their special properties including small size and high speci c surface area [5] . An accumulation of nanoparticles in the lungs will result in passage through the alveolar epithelial cells or lymphatic system into the circulation to be redistributed throughout the body.…”