Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Indigenous Wild Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

Abstract

The objective of our research was to study the effects of growing area on polyphenolic composition and antioxidant capacity on sage leaves extracts (Salvia officinalis L.). The evaluation considered naturally growing sage, indigenous to the Mediterranean part of Croatia, specifically from Pag, Pirovac, Brač and Lošinj areas. The results indicate that sage is rich with polyphenols, which show evident antioxidant capacity. Variations of total phenolic contents and their composition, as well as antioxidant capacity between sage extracts grown at the various growing area, were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Rosmarinic acid (2460-3844 mg/100g) and lutolin-3-glucuronide (634-840 mg/100g) were found to be the main polyphenols in sage leaves studied. A significant correlation between total phenols, particularly the most representative phenolic compound rosmarinic acid and luteolin-3-glucuronide, was verified. Principal component analyses (PCA) indicates that the composition of polyphenols in sage has no significant deviation. Nevertheless, the content of polyphenols differed depending on the location direction of the growing area and environmental factors.

Application of the Folin-Ciocalteu method to the evaluation of Salvia sclarea extracts

“…Comparison between the results of TPC in the herb and liquid extracts of Salvia sclarea herb and the results of other reports show differences which, in first turn, are induced with different technics of obtaining extracts (different solvents, for example, methanol, 30% aqueous ethanol, petroleum ether, extraction by reflux method with the following evaporation, extraction at 60 °C in a water bath for 30 min (Khomdram and Singh 2011;Ibrahim 2012;Dent et al 2017), different solvent-to-herb ratio, etc., places of growing Salvia spp. and times of harvesting (Ibrahim 2012;Abdelkader et al 2014;Dent et al 2017). Considerable contents of polyphenols in obtained Salvia sclarea extracts may be due to high amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids in its aerial part (Altan et al 2014;Jasicka-Misiak et al 2018).…”

“…The TPC for the methanolic extracts from the aerial part of Salvia bicolor was 326.76 mg ± 1.62 mg GAE per gram of dry sample of the plant extract (Ibrahim 2012). The TPC value for the ethanolic extracts from the aerial part of wild dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis) growing in Croatia was in the range of 55.02-77.82 mg GAE per g dry matter of the leaves (Dent et al 2013(Dent et al , 2017. However, it is impossible to compare these results as they are provided for dry extracts or fresh weight of herb (Ibrahim 2012;Abdelkader et al 2014;Erdogan et al 2014;Jafari et al 2017).…”

“…and terpenoids (sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpens and triterpens) which can induce above-mentioned pharmacological activities (Coisin et al 2012;Dent et al 2013;Abdelkader 2014;Kharazian 2014;Sepahvand et al 2015). Antioxidant properties of Lamiaceae species are mainly due to their phenolic compounds and rarely terpenoids (Stanković et al 2011;Abdelkader et al 2014;Sepahvand et al 2014;Dent et al 2017;Jasicka-Misiak et al 2018;Shanaida et al 2018b).…”

“…Researchers are interested in studying sage polyphenols for their high antioxidant activity and medical properties (Bandoniene et al 2005;Khomdram and Singh 2011;Coisin et al 2012;Dent et al 2013;Jamzad et al 2014;Jafari et al 2017;Dent et al 2017).…”

“…;Blainski et al 2013;Abdelkader et al 2014;Agbor et al 2014;Dent et al 2017;Jasicka-Misiak et al 2018) or even at a temperature of boiling water bath (Khomdram and Singh 2011). Usually, gallic acid (Stanković 2011; Blainski et al 2013; Dent et al 2013; Abdelkader et al 2014; Erdogan et al 2014), tannic acid (Blainski et al 2013), catechol (Khomdram and Singh 2011), catechin (Blainski et al 2013), pyrogallol (Blainski et al 2013; European Pharmacopoeia 2016), rosmarinic acid (Dent et al 2017) are used as reference substances in this method.…”