Polyphenolic Compounds - A Promising Leads for Antiviral Therapy

Abstract

Medicinal plants consist of a wide range of phytochemicals, which are usually described as secondary metabolites. The production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants affects different factors, like stress and defensive responses. Various factors, such as species differences, environmental variables, and so on, will influence the type and level of the presence of secondary metabolites. Phytochemicals are produced by these medicinal plants and have a range of biological effects on human health. Polyphenolic compounds are found throughout the plant kingdom that is highly effective in lowering or minimizing the risk of various chronic illnesses. Polyphenols are classified into two types: flavonoids and phenolic acids. Medicinal plants and plant-based foods have complex mixtures of bioactive polyphenolic compounds. Because of this complexation, we are unable to identify the specific phenolic compounds' health benefits. A variety of scientific publications have explored polyphenolic phytochemicals' biological activity and mechanisms of action. The relevant data were collected from peer-reviewed journals, accessed from different data resources like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The current review article focuses on the study of the antiviral properties of polyphenolic compounds.

Stixis scandensleaf extract-loading ZnO nanoparticles for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) treatment

“…In addition, polyphenols are non-toxic to human and animal cells. [44][45][46] Many alkaloids also exhibit highly specic antiviral activity. 47 For example, lycorine, an alkaloid isolated from Narcissus pseudonarcissus, has been shown to have antiviral properties in vitro and can protect AG6 mice from Zika virus-induced death by reducing the viral load in the mice's blood.…”

Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive Polyphenols

“…), and aqueous solubility (mg/mL), including extracted amounts from different natural sources (Table 2). Lakadong turmeric [133,194,195 ] 194.18 780 Hydroxylcinnamic acid 0.5-3 mg/g Bamboo shoot, pineapple, bananas, spinach, and beetroot [179] Naringenin and other viruses varies with its concentration [177,178].…”

“…Lakadong turmeric [133,194,195 ] 272.25 0.47 Flavanone ~52.03 mg/g Grapefruits [164,180] Baicalein human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, etc. Daidzein's efficacy against these and other viruses varies with its concentration [177,178].…”

Phenolic Compounds in Salicornia spp. and Their Potential Therapeutic Effects on H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV: A Review

“…Among the many research groups investigating the viral inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds, Loaiza-Cano et al, Xu et al, Besednova et al, Ono et al, Badshah et al, and Nagarajan researched the anti-viral properties of more than 100 selected phenolic compounds, and concluded that phenolic compounds with a high number of (-OH) groups and certain specific positions obtained the highest inhibitory effect. Many of the compounds with virus-inhibitory effects were found in plants known as traditional medicinal plants or foods [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ]. Chen et al reviewed the bioavailability of phenolic compounds and found that free phenolic compounds, e.g., quercetin, are presumed to partly degrade through dehydration reactions to hydroxybenzoic acids through gastric absorption, as the environment of the gastrointestinal tract possesses high bacterial conjugative enzyme activity [ 75 ].…”