Polyphenolic Extract from Sambucus ebulus L. Leaves Free and Loaded into Lipid Vesicles

Abstract

The paper deals with the preparation and characterisation of hydroalcoholic polyphenolic extract from Sambucus ebulus (SE) leaves that was further loaded into three-types of lipid vesicles: liposomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes, to improve its bioavailability and achieve an optimum pharmacological effect. For Sambucus ebulus L.-loaded lipid vesicles, the entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index and stability were determined. All prepared lipid vesicles showed a good entrapment efficiency, in the range of 75–85%, nanometric size, low polydispersity indexes, and good stability over three months at 4 °C. The in vitro polyphenols released from lipid vehicles demonstrated slower kinetics when compared to the free extract dissolution in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. Either free SE extract or SE extract loaded into lipid vesicles demonstrated a cytoprotective effect, even at low concentration, 5 ug/mL, against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity on L-929 mouse fibroblasts’ cell lines. However, the cytoprotective effect depended on the time of the cells pre-treatment with SE extract before exposure to a hydrogen peroxide solution of 50 mM concentration, requiring at least 12 h of pre-treatment with polyphenols with radical scavenging capacity.

Incorporation of Lippia citriodora Microwave Extract into Total-Green Biogelatin-Phospholipid Vesicles to Improve Its Antioxidant Activity

“…Considering other studies on the recovery of phytochemicals from L. citriodora by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), MAE was found to be an advanced extraction technology that allowed the recovery of a greater number of compounds from this botanical source. More specifically, three new compounds were found in our extract, as compared to the extracts obtained by PLE or conventional solid-liquid extraction [8,17]. Taking into account the findings of previous research, some phytochemicals in L. citriodora are responsible for the antioxidant effects of its extract, suggesting its use for the treatment of skin disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation [22][23][24].…”

“…Considering other studies on the recovery of phytochemicals from L. citriodora by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), MAE was found to be an advanced extraction technology that allowed the recovery of a greater number of compounds from this botanical source. More specifically, three new compounds were found in our extract, as compared to the extracts obtained by PLE or conventional solid-liquid extraction [8,17].…”

“…Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was performed in a Multiwave 3000SOLV (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria). An extract rich in polar compounds was obtained using 42% ethanol at 113 • C for 22 min [17]. Analytical assays were carried out by reverse-phase HPLC.…”

“…Previous studies underlined the key role played by glycols and polymers in affecting the ability of lamellar vesicles to carry natural molecules to the target sites [15]. The protective effects of phenolic compounds in phospholipid carriers against ROS has been widely demonstrated in vitro [16,17].…”

Properties of Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus serpyllum L. Extracts Free and Embedded into Mesopores of Silica and Titania Nanomaterials

“…Antioxidants are compounds able to quench reactive oxygen species and are valuable in preventing some diseases. Polyphenols are the main class of phytochemicals found in plants, which are natural antioxidants and some of them have significant antimicrobial activity [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Due to intensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics, many pathogens become drug resistant and a real threat for human health.…”