“…Antibiotics effectively repress and inhibit microorganisms until antibiotic-resistant bacteria appear. The tendency to use alternative eco-friendly compounds solves this problem ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2020b , c ; Abo Ghanima et al, 2021 ; Dosoky et al, 2021 ; Mohamed et al, 2021 ), such as phenolic compounds in herbal extracts ( El-Saadony et al, 2021a ; Saad et al, 2021a , b ), prebiotics ( Abd El‐Hack et al, 2021a , b , c ; Yaqoob et al, 2021 ), probiotics ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2020b ; Alagawany et al, 2021a ; El-Saadony et al, 2021b , c ), essential oils ( Alagawany et al, 2021b ; El-Tarabily et al, 2021 ), various plant extracts ( El-Saadony et al, 2021b ), phytogenic feed additives ( Abdelnour et al, 2020a , b ; Ashour et al, 2021 ; Raza et al, 2021 ; Seidavi et al, 2021a , b ), hen egg antibodies ( Wilkie et al, 2006 ), feed enzymes ( Llamas-Moya et al, 2020 ), vaccination ( Kulkarni et al, 2007 ), diet formulation with ingredient selection, cereal type, feed processing, and dietary protein source level ( Caly et al, 2015 ).…”