Polysaccharides as the Sensing Material for Metal Ion Detection-Based Optical Sensor Applications

Abstract

The incorporation of a proper sensing material towards the construction of high selectivity optical sensing devices is vital. Polysaccharides, such as chitosan and carrageenan, are among the bio-based sensing materials that are extensively employed due to their remarkable physicochemical attributes. This paper highlights the critical aspects of the design of suitable polysaccharides for the recognition of specific analytes through physical and chemical modifications of polysaccharide structure. Such modifications lead to the enhancement of physicochemical properties of polysaccharides and optical sensor performance. Chitosan and carrageenan are two materials that possess excellent features which are capable of sensing target analytes via various interactions. The interaction between polysaccharides and analytes is dependent on the availability of functional groups in their structure. The integration of polysaccharides with various optical sensing techniques further improves optical sensor performance. The application of polysaccharides as sensing materials in various optical sensing techniques is also highlighted, particularly for metal ion sensing.

Effect of Active Site Modification towards Performance Enhancement in Biopolymer κ-Carrageenan Derivatives

“…The pattern of current research focuses on biopolymer polysaccharides as sensors, polymer electrolytes, and biological applications through the enhancement of active sites such as cellulose, chitosan, and carrageenan [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Modification of active sites in a biopolymer polysaccharide structure is vital for the enhancement of the polysaccharide’s performance.…”

“…Mobarak et al [ 6 ] synthesized carboxymethyl carrageenan and claimed substitution of the carboxymethyl group enhanced its physiochemical properties. They reported that the ionic conductivity of modified carrageenan increased by three orders of magnitude as compared to pristine carrageenan [ 1 , 6 ].…”

“…Because of its renewability, abundance in nature, and profusion of electronegative groups, researchers have made carrageenan a preferred compound for study, including its properties and reactivity compared to other compounds. Abdullah and co-workers in 2018 [ 19 ] reported that carrageenan possesses excellent features as a sensing material for heavy metal detection in comparison to chitosan due to the presence of more oxygen atoms in the κ-carrageenan structure [ 1 , 19 ]. Nevertheless, performance of the material can be further improved by modification of its structure—by substituting hydroxyl with a succinyl group in the carrageenan structure.…”

Detection of COVID-19 Virus on Surfaces Using Photonics: Challenges and Perspectives

“…Moreover, photonics integration, microfluidics, and microelectronics on a single chip provide an attractive technical foundation for implementing lab-on-a-chip systems, which are critical for performing quick, multiplexed, and real-time experiments and a variety of application sectors [ 22 ]. Recent studies have explored developing sensors based on photonics such as visible-light laser diodes, infrared analytics arrays, narrowband optical filters, surface plasmonic resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), fluorescence, and other laser techniques, in order to solve many of the challenges of biological detection [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. A study showed optical biosensors based on a combined Mach–Zehnder interferometer.…”

Optical Chemical Sensor Based on 2,2-Furildioxime in Sol-Gel Matrix for Determination of Ni2+ in Water

“…They have advantages such as reducing waste, low cost preparation, ease of use and in situ analysis. Some materials have been used for the optical sensor's matrix such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [3], agarose [4], polyvinyl acetate (PVA) [5,6], chitosan, ethyl cellulose [7], and polysaccharide [8]. In addition, sol-gel matrix was used as polymer the matrix to immobilize the reagent for metal ion determination [9].…”